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Evaluasi Kinerja Kompor Gasifikasi Forced Draft
(Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Indonesia dan Musyawarah Nasional APTEKINDO 2012, 2012) Hermanto; Zulfansyah; Fermi Muhammad Iwan
The availability of biomass as a source of primary energy in Indonesia is very abundant, reaching 280 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) and approximately 84% of the biomass has been used for the household sector. The application of gasification stove especially in cooking purposes can increase the efficiency of fuel usage. This research uses three units gasification stove with dimension stove 1 (H1 = 16 cm , D1 = 10 cm); stove 2 (H2 = 16 cm, D2 = 12 cm) and stove 3 (H3 = 20 cm, D3 = 12 cm). While the fuel was branches of acacia wood with moisture content 7.26%, 9.63% and 12.58%. Procedure water boiling test (WBT) was used to evaluating stove performance. Additional parameter such as operating time and flame temperature of the stove is including in evaluation of stove performance. The experimental results obtained average start up time is to 2 minutes and operating time of gasification stove reach to 32 minutes. Thermal efficiency of the forced draft gasification stove is approximately 25.03% to 30.44%, with the highest efficiency is on the stove with 12 cm diameter, 16 cm high and fuel with 9.63% biomass moisture content. Although the resulting flame is reddish yellow, but the forced draft gasification stove capable of producing up to 3.43 kWth thermal energy with the highest flame temperature reaches 933OC. The results show that the gasification stove operating conditions greatly affect the performance of the stove.
MODIFIKASI KARET ALAM MENJADI MALEATED NATURAL RUBBER MELALUI PROSES GRAFTING DENGAN VARIASI KADAR MALEAT ANHIDRIDA DAN TEMPERATUR
(Teknobiologi Jurnal Ilmiah Sains Terapan, 2012-08) Wati, Rika; HS Irdoni; Bahruddin
Modification of natural rubber into Maleated Natural Rubber (MNR) is one of research area that is still developing. This research is aiming to study the impact of variety of concentration maleic anhydride (MAH) and the temperature of mixing for MNR making in order to determined the degree of grafting of MAH. MAH was varied by 6, 8, and 10 phr (per hundred rubber) while the temperature was varied by 135, 145 and 155 oC. The process Modification is using internal mixer with 60 rpm for 10 minutes. The degree of grafting was determined by titrimetric method where MNR diluted in xylene and titrated by MeOH until the color solution was changed. Based on the test results by using FT-IR instrument. For natural rubber, C-H is clinging to double bond C=C at peak absorption 835 cm-1 and stretching characterisation of alkene (C=C) is at the peak absorption 1659 cm-1. And for the MNR, the absorption peak anhydride (C=O) were grafted on natural rubber is at the absorption peak 1712 cm-1. From degree of grafting analysis result, showing that the variety of concentration MAH can be grafted at natural rubber’s structure until reach optimum condition. And by increasing temperature, the degree of grafting for making the MNR is increasing . The highest degree of grafting obtained at 8 phr and 155 °C with the degree of grafting at 3.593%.
OPTIMALISASI KONDISI PROSES PENCAMPURAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MORFOLOGI DAN SIFAT THERMOPLASTIC VULCANIZATE BERBASIS KARET ALAM DENGAN COMPATIBILIZER MALEATED NATURAL RUBBER
(Teknobiologi Jurnal Ilmiah Sains Terapan, 2012-08) Martani, Russita; Bahruddin; Daud Syarfi
Morphology and properties of thermoplastic vulcanizate is strongly influenced by the conditions of the mixing process of raw materials and the compatibility between the phase. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal temperature, rotor speed and compatibilizer. Thermoplastic vulcanizate was made in two stages. The first stage was the manufacture of rubber compounds using a roll mill at room temperature and speed of 20 rpm. Natural rubber materials used are natural rubber SIR 20. Curative ingredients and additives that are added include filler hybrid Carbon black/fly ash 30 phr, ratio 70/30, 5 phr paraffin, 5 phr ZnO, 3 phr stearic acid, 1 phr TMQ, 0,6 phr MBTS and 3 phr sulfur. The second phase of the resulting rubber compound was mixed with polypropylene (PP) and the compatibilizer maleated natural rubber (MNR) in the internal mixer. Ratio of NR / PP made it 70/30, while the MNR varied 2 and 5 phr. Varying conditions in the mixing process at a temperature of 170oC, 175oC and 180oC and speed of 40, 60 and 80 rpm. The results showed that the morphology and properties of optimal TPV obtained at 175oC temperature, rotor speed of 40 rpm and MNR 5 phr.
Konversi Kulit Pinus menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Metode Pyrolisis Menggunakan Katalis CoMo/NZA (Natural Zeolit deAluminated)
(2012-10-16) Asril, Defriano; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Pine bark over this is just considered waste that pollutes the environment, pine bark is biomass which can be processed into alternative energy. Through the method of catalytic pyrolisis using the CoMo/NZA expected to convert pine bark as biomass into bio-oil. On the study of biomass pine skin 50 gram with a size of -60+80 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and catalyst CoMo/NZA 1,5 grams are incorporated into the slurry reactors, then pyrolysis process carried out on operating conditions, namely temperature and stirring speed 300 3200C rpm for 120 minutes with a flowing nitrogen gas (N2) as protective gas. The results obtained indicate that the yield obtained at optimum catalyst 1% CoMo/NZA i.e. amounting to 51,7%. Physical properties of test results obtained indicate the density (0,919 gr/ml), the viscosity (8.02 pm cSt), numbers of acidity (17, 78a), flash point (50 0 c) and the heat (44, 04MJ/Kg).Analysis of chemical content of results with GC-MS, the predominant chemical components found in bio-oil is 1-Pentene 13.90%, 2-Pentene 10.65%, 1-Propene, 1-Pentene 9,46% 6,38%, Hexane 6,23%.
PYROLYSIS CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI BIO-OIL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NI/LEMPUNG
(2012-10-18) Kesuma, Atika Zuharniaty; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Petroleum is a fossil energy sources that are not renewable (non-renewable) production continues to decline each year. In contrast, the consumption of petroleum products itself is increasing, so need to try an alternative energy. Bio-oil is one of the non-fossil alternative energy solutions that can be used as a substitute for petroleum. Riau has a land area of palm oil and the biggest oil producers in Indonesia. This has an impact on solid waste palm shells are produced. Bio-oil can be produced through the pyrolysis process of biomass shell oil with Ni/clay as catalyst. This study aimed to determine the performance of the Ni/clay catalyst (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% w/w) to yield bio-oil produced and characterize the physical and chemical properties. Pyrolysis shell oil with size -40 +60 mesh as much as 50 grams of weight, the Ni/clay catalyst 1.5 grams and silinap 500 ml was carried out at 320oC. The results showed that the optimum yield obtained on 1% Ni/ clay catalyst, amounting to 68.50%. The test results obtained by the physical properties of density 0.940 g / ml, 9.677 cSt viscosity, acid number 57.021 g NaOH / g sample, calorific value of 44.609 MJ / kg, and the flash point is 51 ºC. The results of chemical analysis by GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components in bio-oil was 30.49% Phenol, 1.52% 2-propanone, 3.46% Furfural, 5.56% Cyclohexane and 47.33% Acetic acid. The results of characteristics obtained have approaching the characteristics of fuel oil and standard of bio-oil.
KINETIKA REAKSI PROSES NITRASI LIMBAH PELEPAH SAWIT
(2012-10-21) Ronggur, Jabosar; Padil; Sunarno
Waste palm midrib is a byproduct of industry solid waste production that has not been fully utilized. One utilization of the cellulose is nitration reaction on cellulose that produce nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is a form of commercial polymers that used in the manufacture of explosives and manufacture of various industrial products. This study aimed to determine the reaction kinetics of waste palm midrib nitration process at a variety of temperatures. Nitration is done by the addition of nitric acid in sulfuric acid medium conditioned with the reactor at various reaction temperature at any given time. After nitration process, product washed with bicarbonate and distilled water, than dried in a desiccator and finally analyzed the content of the concentration of beta and gamma cellulose by SNI 0444: 2009. Results showed the lowest concentration of beta and gamma cellulose obtained when the reaction takes place at temperatures of 5 -10 °C which produces second order reaction. Activation energy obtained is 33,465.034 cal/mol and the frequency of collisions is 1.421 x 1024. So, the Arrhenius equation: k = 1.421 x 1024e-33465,034/RT
PENGARUH LAJU PEMBEBANAN ORGANIK TERHADAP PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI LIMBAH CAIR SAGU MENGGUNAKAN BIOREAKTOR HIBRID ANAEROB
(2012-10-23) Yunitamel, Lusy; Ahmad Adrianto; Zahrina Ida
Nowaday, production sago in Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti reaches 450,000 tons per year. Increased production of sago starch is followed by an increase of sago wastewater. In producing sago starch needs 20,000 liters of water per ton of sago which 94% water will be wastewater. The wastewater has a high COD levels and potention to converted be biogas. One of treatment for sago wastewater to be biogas uses hybrid anaerobic bioreactor which combines the suspended growth systems and attached growth system. The object of this research is to determine the optimum of organic loading rate with highest biogas production. The research uses hybrid anaerobic bioreactor with volume 10 liters and media stones. The variation of the organic loading rate is 12,5: 16,7, 25 and 50 kgCOD/m3day and conditioned at room temperature. The results showed that the organic loading rate has influence in producing biogas. The biogas production optimum at the organic loading rate 25 kgCOD/m3day and steady state on 14th days with production of biogas is 41,600 ml.
Pengaruh Laju Alir Umpan Terhadap pH dan Alkalinitas Limbah Cair Sagu dalam Bioreaktor Hibrid Anaerob Bermedia Batu pada Kondisi Tunak
(2012-10-23) Lestari, Yuliza Fuji; Ahmad Adrianto; Chairul
In producing sago flour takes 20,000 liters of water per ton of starch, where 94% of the water would be liquid waste, so about 19,000 liters of wastewater generated sago starch per ton When directly discharged into the water on a continuous basis it could lead to pollution of the waters. The way of handling the problem of wastewater treatment can be done by using a hybrid anaerobic bioreactor mediated stones. One of the factors that influence of the anaerobic process success is pH and alkalinity. The purpose of this research to determine the effect of feed flow rate on pH and alkalinity in anaerobic hybrid bioreactor at steady state by looking at the pH and alkalinity parameters and determine the optimum conditions for anaerobic processes. Process variables measured were feed flow rate of 2.5 L / day, 3.3 L / day, 5 L / day, and 10 L / day operating conditions at room temperature and the bioreactor working volume 10 L. The results showed that the optimum feed flow rate obtained on 2.5 L / day with an average pH of 6.8 and alkalinity of 2280 mg / L.
Penyisihan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Limbah Cair Pabrik Sagu Menggunakan Bioreaktor Hibrid Anaerob Pada Kondisi Start Up
(2012-10-23) Lestari, Azian; Ahmad Adrianto; Zahrina Ida
Industrial development was followed by an increase of sago starch sago wastewater generated. In producing sago starch takes 20,000 liters of water per ton of starch, which is 94% water would be liquid waste sago. Sago effluent has COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) to 100,000 mg / l. These conditions will have a negative impact on the environment if not managed properly. One way to lower the COD content by using hybrid anaerobic bioreactor. Conditions Start up is one of the important conditions in wastewater using hybrid anaerobic bioreactor, because this happens to reach the steady proliferation of microorganisms. This study aims to review the condition of the start-up of hybrid anaerobic bioreactor COD parameter and observing the resulting biogas. The research was carried out with a flow rate of 2 l / day at room temperature. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency of the largest obtained 90,45% with pH 6.2 as well as the operation of the biogas production of 14 982 ml / day. The results of this study indicate that the start-up of hybrid anaerobic bioreactor lasts for 59 days.
Efisiensi Penyisihan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Limbah Cair Pabrik Sagu Menggunakan Bioreaktor Hibrid Anaerob Pada Kondisi Tunak Dengan Variabel Laju Pembebanan Organik
(2012-10-23) kusuma, Yatri lestyana; Ahmad Adrianto; Yelmida
Meranti Islands producing sago 450.000 tons / year. In producing one ton of sago need 20.000 liters of water, so the water can be estimated in need 9 million kl of water / year, of which 94% of the water would be liquid waste, so the wastewater generated in the production of sago approximately 8.46 million kl of water / year or 23.000 kl of water / day. Liquid waste has a high concentration of COD, this causes the dissolved oxygen content in the water is low. One way to lower the COD concentration by using hybrid anaerobic bioreactor. The purpose of this research is to set aside a COD removal efficiency of COD and determine optimal treatment of sago wastewater on the conditions of steady state.Volume hybrid bioreactor used in this study is equal to 10 L with dimensions of length 40 cm, width 26 cm, height 24 cm. Do variations in organic loading rate is 12.5 kgCOD/m3day a flow rate of 2.5 L / day; 16.7 kgCOD/m3 day a flow rate of 3.3 L / day, 25 kgCOD/m3day a flow rate of 5 L / day; 50 kgCOD/m3day with a flow rate of 10 L / day. Each organic loading rate operated until steady state is obtained based on the data of COD. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency obtained at the operation site organic loading rate of 12.5 kgCOD/m3day by 90%. Thus, the design of hybrid anaerobic bioreactor system mediated stones can be realized to create a technology that is used to treat waste effectively and efficiently.
VARIASI TEMPERATUR LIQUIFIKASI PATI SORGUM MENJADI BIOETANOL DENGAN PROSES SKARIFIKASI DAN FERMENTASI SERENTAK
(2012-10-24) Erissa, Hesty
Sorghum is a very potential plant to be developed in Indonesia, because it has good environmental adaptation ability. Part of sorghum that used as a raw material of bio ethanol is sorghum seeds, by soaked in NaOH to remove proteins that can inhibit enzyme function. One of the use is through liquefaction and saccharification fermentation simultaneously (SFS). Liquefaction uses amylase and saccharification uses glucoamylase with yeast Pichia stipitis as fermentation agent. The purposes of this research are to determine the effect of liquefaction temperature to the sugar concentration produced and determine the best fermentation time. Liquefaction temperature was varied from 750C, 850C to 950C and fermentation time was varied from 12, 24, 48, to 72 hours at pH 5. Sample measured by alcohol meter and sugar analyzed by spectrophotometer UV-VIS. The result showed that the highest sugar concentration reached from the liquefaction by amylase is 5,211 gr/l at 850C. While the best fermentation time is 48 hours with bio ethanol concentration is 40 gr/l at 850C.
PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI PATI SORGUM DENGAN PROSES SAKARIFIKASI DAN FERMENTASI SERENTAK DENGAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR LIQUIFIKASI
(2012-10-24) Meldha, Zuqni; Chairul; Amraini Said Zul
One of the materials that have potential as raw material for bioethanol is sorghum. Sorghum has advantages over sugarcane and maize, that is a shorter harvest time , needs little water and a source of ethanol can be obtained from the sap, starch and pulp. This study used the seeds of sorghum as raw material for bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process by varying the temperature liquifications, that is 75°C, 85°C, 95°C, and 105°C and the sampling time is 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. This study aims to determine the best liquification temperature of sorghum starch conversion into bioethanol and determine the best fermentation time on levels of bioethanol produced. Tests were conducted with alcoholmeter. The results shows that the best sugar liquification results is in the amount of 14.001 g/l at temperature of 95°C and the best ethanol concentration is 40 g/l at 48 hours of fermentation time with liquification temperature is 95°C.
ADSORPSI LOGAM Fe DENGAN ZEOLIT 4A YANG DISINTESIS DARI FLY ASH SAWIT
(2012-10-24) Aima, Siti; Zahrina Ida; Zultiniar
Fe is one of the heavy metals that are harmful if levels exceed the thres hold. This material is often found in waste output streams, both industrial waste and house hold waste. The presence of iron in the water is a thing to watch out for and be considered because of its toxic if it enters in to the human body. To reduce the concentration of these metals Fe, an alternative that can be used is by adsorption process using zeolite 4A synthesized from fly ash of oil palm. The method used in the Fe metal adsorption process is a batch method. This study begins with the equilibrium curve to determine the optimum contact time. Analysis of adsorption results performed by AAS. The parameters used in this study is the initial concentration of 100 ppm, the stirring speed of 150 rpm, a dose of 1 gram of zeolite 4A, the variation in pH of the solution (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) and temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70°C). Results showed that the time to achieve the equilibrium state for 4 hours, with the highest percentage of adsorbed Fe is 98.0% of 100 ppm metal Fe(II) is used, the optimum operating conditionsare at pH 6 and room temperature (≈ 30oC).
OPTIMASI KONDISI PROSES (KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN DAN TEMPERATUR) ADSORPSI LOGAM Fe DENGAN ZEOLIT 4A
(2012-10-24) Sari, Maya; Zahrina Ida; Zultiniar
Iron is one of the heavy metals that are harmful if the measure exceeds the threshold. Degradation of water quality caused by the existence of which the iron content that already exists on the ground because of the layers of soil through which the water contains certain chemical elements, one of them is iron. The methods to reduce the concentration of dissolved metals, particularly heavy metals are growing rapidly at the moment is adsorption, because not only easy to do but also quite high effectiveness and cost required is quite low. The adsorbent used is zeolite 4A synthesized from a mixture of silica and alumina with a volume ratio of 60/40, stirring the reactants need 3 hours and heating the gel need 8 hours. This research aims to study the effect of stirring speed and temperature the adsorption of metal Fe with zeolite 4A using Response Surface Method approach-Central Composite Design and obtain optimum conditions for the absorption of Fe metal with zeolite 4A. stirring Rapid is done by variation of 300 to 600 rpm and the temperature variation of 30 to 60 c. Ion concentration of Fe (II) sulfate was analyzed using AAS. The results obtained showed that zeolite 4A able to adsorb up to 97.439% Fe and obtained optimum conditions for stirring Rapid 1230 rpm and a temperature of 87 c.
PROSES PEMBUATAN NITROSELULOSA DARI LIMBAH PELEPAH SAWIT
(2012-10-24) Desriani, Raissa; Padil; Yelmida
Midrib of palm oil plantations is a solid waste that has not been fully utilized. One utilization of the cellulose is nitration reaction on cellulose that produce nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is a form of commercial polymers that used in the manufacture of explosives and manufacture of various industrial products. This study aims to find the best conditions on cellulose nitration process by varying the ratio of palm midrib nitric acid and rapid mixing to produce nitrocellulose which has high nitrogen levels. Nitration is done by the addition of nitric acid in sulfuric acid media. The weight ratio of palm midrib with nitric acid was varied at 15:120; 15:140; 15:160; 15:180, and 15:200, while the stirring speed was varied by 65, 110, 160, 210 and 260 rpm. Product washed with distilled water and bicarbonate, than dried in a desiccator. Qualitative testing is done by Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy (FTIR) to see the uptake of NO2 groups results in the substitution of the OH groups of cellulose whereas nitrogen nitration results seen from the ternary diagram nitrated cellulose. The results showed that the best conditions on cellulose nitration process has not been obtained due to all the variations that do indicate the presence of a cluster of NO2 absorption in FTIR analysis has indicated that the formation of nitrocellulose and cellulose nitration reading ternary diagram obtained nitrocellulose nitrogen content of 6.8%.
Pengaruh Laju Pembebanan Organik terhadap pH dan Asam Asetat dalam Bioreaktor Hibrid Anaerob pada Pengolahan Limbah Cair Pabrik Sagu
(2012-10-24) Wimin, Dewi; Ahmad Adrianto; Chairul
Sago demand continues to rise along with the development of processing industries that use raw sago starch. Today’s national sago production reached 400,000 tons / year. In the production of starch required 20,000 liters of water per ton of sago, so it can be expected that the processing of sago require 21 000 kilolitres of water per day, of which 94% of the water will be liquid waste. Sago wastewater has high organic matter composition, when thrown into water it will degrade water quality and contaminate the environment. One of sago waste water treatment is by using hybrid anaerobic bioreaktor. Acetic acid content and pH is one factor affecting the performance of bioreactor. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of organic loading rate on pH and the concentration of acetic acid by seeing the parameters of pH and acetic acid as well as determining the optimum loading rate on the formation of acetic acid. The research was conducted by using a hybrid anaerobic bioreaktor mediated the stone as a medium growth of microorganisms. Volume of work used in this study amounted to 10 L by varying the organic loading rate is 12.5: 16.7, 25 and 50 kg COD/m3 day. These results indicate that the optimum organic loading rate of 50 kg COD/m3 days with acetic acid concentration of 76,8 mg / L and pH of 6.13. Thus a hybrid anaerobic bioreaktor with the media of stone is capable to treat sago waste water that contains high organic.
PENGARUH pH DAN INOKULUM PADA PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT NENAS UNTUK PRODUKSI ENZIM SELULASE
(2012-10-25) Sinaga, Fransiska C; Yenie Elvi; Muria Sri Rezeki
Utilization of waste is the best way to solve the problem of waste, in order to obtain the raw materials and to process waste into useful products which have higher added value. Pineapple waste per 100g wet weight contains of 86.7% water, 0.69% protein, 0.02% fat, 10.54% carbohydrate, 1.66% wet fiber and 0.48% ash. A large amount of carbohydrates in pineapple skin is very potential when it is used as a carbon source to produce cellulose enzymes. Cellulose enzyme is a complex of enzyme that can transform cellulose into glucose. To produce the Cellulose enzyme, fungus Aspergillus niger is used in solid fermentation processing. In this research, we have variations pH 4; 4.5, 5; 5.5 and 6, and the inoculum by 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of the substrate, with 4 days fermentation. DNS method is used to test the glucose levels generated. The results obtained showed that the activity of the enzyme has the best obtained at 15% inoculum conditions and at pH 5 with the activity of the enzyme at 5.67 g / L. Enzyme with the best activity is used to hydrolyze the skin of pineapple into liquid sugar and from this process, liquid glucose concentrations obtained at 4.19 g / L
SINTESIS ZSM-5 DARI FLY ASH SAWIT SEBAGAI SUMBER SILIKA DENGAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR KALSINASI DAN WAKTU KALSINASI
(2012-10-29) Arnovitri, Rossy; Zahrina Ida; Yelmida
Fly ash is a solid waste producted by Palm Oil Industry (POI). Fly ash are contains silica that can be used as raw material synthesis of Zeolite Socony Mobile-5 (ZSM-5). ZSM-5 is a synthetic zeolite having a high activity and selectivity so that used in industrial hydrocarbon cracking. This study aimed to synthesize ZSM-5 of fly ash as a source of silica with various calcination temperature and calcination period. Synthesis performed at 150°C, molar ratio of 7.4 Na2O/Al2O3 with molar ratio Si / Al 35 for 18 hours. Calcination is done by variation of calcination temperature 450, 500, 550 and 600oC and at 4, 5, 6, and 7 hours. From the FTIR analysis showed that product syntesis have a pattern in asymmetric range, symmetric range and Si-O bending, but in the double ring bending have no patterns. Results of analysis of Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) also showed no secondary is formed, but only the primary is formed. From FTIR, the best condition is at calcination temperature 500oC for 7 hours. And then, the best product syntesis from FTIR is analyzed by XRD, showed that ZSM-5 is not have been identified in the product syntesis because no formation of secondary.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Starter PadaPembuatanKompos Dari Limbah Serat Buah Sawit dengan Teknologi Biofertilizer
(2012-10-29) Shahila, Nila; Ahmad Adrianto; Wisrayetti
Solid waste that is produced by palm industry in Indonesia has reached 15.20 million ton waste/year. One of them is waste of fibre palm fruit. It will pollute the invironment if it is not carried out preferable. Managing the waste into compost manure is one of the solutions. The purpose of this researce is to identify the influence of starter concentration in composting process an to get the ratio of C/N optimum in making compost by using biofertilizer technology. Biofertilizer is one of technology that uses microorganism to increase the fertility of soil in the process of composting by using the content of microorganism in the form of nutrition. This research consist of 4 steps. First step is preparing the starter. Second step is preparing the substrate in the form of solid waste of fibre palm fruit in 2 cm size. Third step is preparing bioreactor by using 5 bioreactors. Fourth step is composting process with variation starter concentration. During the composting process, measuring pH, temperature, moisture and aeration are done in each bioreactor performed every 3 days. Composting is done with aerobic process. The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen starter 0% of 0.94 is obtained, 10% at 1.09, 20% of 1.31, 30% 0f 0.83 and 40% 0f 1.07. Based on the results, the optimum value for nitrogen in the composting process requirements contained in the starter 20% concentration can accelerate the activity of microorganism to the value of the ratio C/N at 10.45 on day 60 with a 20% concentration of starter. Thus, the value of the ratio C/N is obtained in accordance with the standards of quality compost SNI 19730-2004.
EKSTRAKSI ZAT WARNA DARI KULIT MANGGIS
(2012-10-29) Bernad, Cameron; Yenie Elvie; Heltina Desi
Dyes have long been used in food and beverages to improve the appearance of food products. At first, the dyes used are natural dyes from plants and animals. One of the plants that can be used as a dyes source is mangosteen, where the dyes comes from the skin of the mangosteen fruit. There are several methods of extraction for mangosteen skin extract. One of them soxlhetation. Soxlhetation is an immersion method of sample extraction with repeated continuously over time, where the solvent was evaporated and condensed to immers the sample. The purpose of this study was to determine and study the optimum solvent and the optimum time for mangosteen skin extract of soxlhetation method and calculate the yield of mangosteen peel extract. Solvents used 96% ethanol, 96% methanol and ethyl acetate with a variety of 3, 4, and 5 hours for each solvent. Of the three solvents, the highest yield obtained in the solvent methanol and the optimum time was 4 hours. The highest yield was 14.67%.

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