8.International Conference on Oleo and Petrochemical Engineering 2015
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Item A. Daftar isi International Conference on Oleo and Petrochemical Engineering(2016-04-22)This present work focused on the characterization of treated oil palm frond (OPF) from ozonolysis pretreatment. The ozonolysis pretreatment was performed in a conventional semi-batch reactor at ambient condition. The effectiveness of ozonolysis pretreatment was validated by investigating the degradation of lignin and composition of solid product from pretreatment (treated OPF). In addition, crystallinity, surface area, pore structure, and morphology of untreated and treated OPF, as well as functional groups present were examined accordingly to study the effect of ozonolysis pretreatment on physical properties of OPF. The ozonolysis pretreatment on OPF was found to degrade the lignin structure, and exerted only a slight effect on the hemicellulose structure. Meanwhile, the cellulose yield was increased. As comparison to the untreated OPF, the crystallinity index OPF was increased while the surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter for the treated was decreased. This observation explained that the ozonolysis reaction has degraded the C=C bond of acid insoluble lignin into acid soluble lignin. Thus, the lignin could be removed easily by washing with water. Removing the amorphous component would lead to higher crystallinity index. Meanwhile, the pore properties of treated OPF would collapse during washing and drying process. Results of the present study indicated ozonolysis pretreatment as an effective method for OPF pretreatment to produce a washed clean substrate rich in cellulose and xylan. In addition, the physical properties of OPF were improved and ready for subsequent downstream bioconversion process such as acid hydrolysis for glucose productioItem Esterification Of Renewable Levulinic Acid To Ethyl Levulinate Over Modified HY Zeolite Catalyst(2016-04-22) Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah; Amin, Nor Aishah SaidinaThe depleting primary energy sources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have driven initiatives to develop clean technologies for chemical transformations from renewable feedstocks. Currently, extensive studies are being carried out to investigate the conversion of renewable biomass into biofuels and other chemical feedstocks. In particular, levulinic acid (LA) derived from biomass has been recognized as a versatile building block for the production of various platform chemicals. Esterification of LA with alcohols produce levulinate esters which have extensive application either in the flavoring and fragrance industries or fuel additives. Till date, the catalyst employed in the reported literatures for LA esterification suffered from either poor catalytic activity or lack of reusability properties. Herein, the esterification of LA with ethanol for ethyl levulinate (EL) production was conducted using iron modified HY zeolite (Fe/HY) at reflux condition. The effect of reaction time (1 – 7 h) , Fe/HY loading (10 – 35% Fe/HY to LA), and molar ratio of LA to ethanol (1:4 – 1:24), on LA conversion and EL yield were investigated. The experimental results revealed the optimum LA conversion and EL yield were obtained from LA esterification conducted at reflux condition for 6 h, 10% Fe/HY loading, and 1:16 of LA to ethanol molar ratio. The reusability of Fe/HY for EL production was also examined. In addition, Fe/HY catalyst was employed in the esterification of LA with methanol and butanol for methyl levulinate (ML) and butyl levulinate (BL) productions, respectively, with good performance. This study demonstrated the potential of Fe/HY catalyst for esterification of LA to levulinate esters at mild process conditionsItem A Characteristic of CO and CO2 gases production during a combustion process of In Situ Combustion (ISC) Method on Upgrading of Crude Oil(2016-04-22) Bahri, Syaiful; Muhdarina; R HughesThis work is aimed to study a characteristic of gas production during thermal and catalytic processing on combustion of heavy oil. Oil/sand sample was subjected to a linear heating program 5oC/min from room temperature to a set point temperature 400oC under continuous flowing of air 250 ml/min on a low pressure 3 bar. Combustion gases produced were allowed to flow to a condenser and further were flowed through a drierite bed prior to measure by a GC continuously. Combustion gases produced and oxygen consumption profiles were confirmed that the combustion process has been successfully conducted during experiments. A lighter oil of 23.3oAPI was produced from the catalytic run compared with oil of 19.3oAPI resulted from the non-catalytic run.Item Public Policy Of Hydrocarbon Productivity Optimization For Oleo- And Petrochemical Industry: System Dynamics Approach (Case Study : Hydrocarbon Consumption In Riau Province, Indonesia)(2016-04-22) Nasution, Feldiansyah Bin Bakri; Bazin, Nor Erne Nazira; Putranto, Prayudhi; Affandy, YusmarNowadays, Riau Province located in Indonesia which is producing approximately fifty percent of Indonesia crude oil production and ten million metric tonnes (MT) of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) from two million hectares of palm oil plantation, has become a potential province to develop a centre of oleo- and petrochemical industry in Sumatra Island. Eventhough it is not a significant natural gas producer, the neighboring provinces such as Jambi and South Sumatra are supplying large amount of natural gas. It is such a challenging moment for Riau local government to have strategic policy of oil and natural gas productivity into petrochemical industry to manufacture its derivative products. It is also happening to CPO in oleochemical industry. If all of these hydrocarbons used as raw materials are high because of the expansion of oleo- and petrochemical industry, the usage of oil and natural gas, as the fossil energy should be substituted by renewable energy, such as wind, water, sunlight, geothermal power. Until now, government and private sectors seem less to care to optimize this productivity. System dynamics is used to simulate the behavior of this hydrocarbons consumption as the energy and product supply to the oleo- and petrochemical industries. Public policy as the intervention is introduced to become the feedback to the government and private sectors to take the growth of oleo- and petrochemical business.Item Characterization Of Solid Products From Ozonolysis Pretreatment Of Oil Palm Fronds(2016-04-22) Omar, Wan Nor Nadyaini Wan; Amin, Nor Aishah SaidinaThis present work focused on the characterization of treated oil palm frond (OPF) from ozonolysis pretreatment. The ozonolysis pretreatment was performed in a conventional semi-batch reactor at ambient condition. The effectiveness of ozonolysis pretreatment was validated by investigating the degradation of lignin and composition of solid product from pretreatment (treated OPF). In addition, crystallinity, surface area, pore structure, and morphology of untreated and treated OPF, as well as functional groups present were examined accordingly to study the effect of ozonolysis pretreatment on physical properties of OPF. The ozonolysis pretreatment on OPF was found to degrade the lignin structure, and exerted only a slight effect on the hemicellulose structure. Meanwhile, the cellulose yield was increased. As comparison to the untreated OPF, the crystallinity index OPF was increased while the surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter for the treated was decreased. This observation explained that the ozonolysis reaction has degraded the C=C bond of acid insoluble lignin into acid soluble lignin. Thus, the lignin could be removed easily by washing with water. Removing the amorphous component would lead to higher crystallinity index. Meanwhile, the pore properties of treated OPF would collapse during washing and drying process. Results of the present study indicated ozonolysis pretreatment as an effective method for OPF pretreatment to produce a washed clean substrate rich in cellulose and xylan. In addition, the physical properties of OPF were improved and ready for subsequent downstream bioconversion process such as acid hydrolysis for glucose production.Item Experiences Of Downhole Scale Squeeze Treatment To Solve Problem Of Caco3 Scale In Zamrud Field, Indonesia(2016-04-22) Suhadi, Annur; Norahmansyah; Hayatullah, M Salman; Satria, Andi; Wiryawan, M. Doddy; Putranto, Prayudi; Bukian, NyomanOperational problem of CaCO3 scale has been experienced for many oil-wells in Zamrud field. Some CaCO3 scales encountered in tubing and other in artificial lift. This problem increased operating cost of work over job to pull out the artificial lifts which were stuck by CaCO3 scale. In order to clean up the perforation zone with high skin effect contributed by CaCO3 scale, acidizing using 15% HCl was conducted, but the production time was very short and the oil-wells were needed to be re-acidized. In order to get longer production life of treatment, the growth of CaCO3 scale is needed to be inhibited after acidizing job. Downhole scale squeeze treatment (DSST) has good performance with step of crystal growth retardation, crystal nucleation inhibition, and crystal dispersion. Scale inhibitor which was pumped is 10% Gyptron IT-256, with active content of bishexamethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) tested using dynamic scale loop to determine minimum inhibitor concentration, which is necessary step in the evaluation process. For many oil-wells, DSST show a good performance indicated by longer production with almost constant watercut. Good understanding of type of scale inhibitor which was used and the characteristic of content of positive and negative ion in formation water as well as mineralogy of perforated zone in oil wells enables of remedy other oil wells in different fields with variety of mineralogy and bottom-hole temperatureItem Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil off-grade Over a ZnO Catalyst Presipitant Zinc Carbonate(2016-04-22) Sahan, Yusnimar; Heliyanti, Sri; Alamsyah, M. AntoniCrude Palm Oil off-grade (CPO off-grade), a CPO product contains high free fatty acid‘s content (FFA > 5%). This oil is produced from Palm fruit off-grade which have categorized includes abnormal size, immature, pass to mature, and decay. In the refinery industries, this oil is rejected because it can be generate a low quality of cooking oil. Generally, this oil has been used to produce a biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) over a catalysts. In this research, this oil is converted to a crude biodiesel over Zinc oxide (ZnO) as a heterogeneous catalyst. This catalyst was prepared from zinc carbonate precipitant by a hydrothermal method. The ZnO catalyst can be made easily and the raw materials is cheap. The goal of this research is to increase CPO off-grade added value and determine the catalytic activity of the ZnO catalyst. The activity catalytic of ZnO is evaluated by regenerating the spent catalyst and it is reused several times in the transesterification reaction cycles. Results, yield of crude biodiesel is obtained maximally 96%. The catalytic activity of ZnO catalyst is high, and it cam be re-used determined by regenerating the spent catalyst, then it was regenerated and r-used four times in the transesterification reaction cycles. The catalytic activity of ZnO catalyst till retain in the 4th. reaction cycle giving the yield of crude biodiesel in the range of 96 – 71%. Overall, conversion CPO off-grade to crude biodiesel over ZnO catalyst was significant high. This ZnO catalyst is potential as a catalyst in the biodisel productionItem Modeling Kinetic Growth Rate at Effect of Palm Oil Fronds and Zeolite (NaHCO3) Utility in Palm Oil Mill Effluent Process Treatment(2016-04-22) Bowo, Ari; Amri, Idral; Ahmad, AndriantoThis study aims to analyze and examine the effect of the use of palm fronds, and Zeolite (NaHCO3), the processing of palm oil mill effluent, which aims to reduce levels of COD palm oil mill effluent, to comply with quality standards issued by the Ministry of Environmental Living No. Kep-51 / MENLH / 10/95, where‘s final COD waste can be discharged into the environment is 350 mg / L, in this study also determine a suitable model, the cell growth curve modeling the microorganism used in the processing of oil mill effluent oil, as well as the impact of the use of agents thixotropic to process the COD reduction of waste. Results of the study showed, that the use of palm frond at 100 grams, is able to gain COD removal efficiency of 90.6%, whereas without the use of palm fronds only 33.3%, with a duration of 8 days diving sewage treatment, whereas the addition of thixotropic agent, can improve COD reduction of waste by 320 mg / L for 10 days, it is within their premises Ministry of Environment standards, while a suitable model to model microorganism cell growth curve is Contoins modelItem Growth Kinetics of Microorganisms On Fiber Solid Waste Composting Of Palm Oil Plant(2016-04-22) Firdha, Irena; Ahmad, Adrianto; Amri, IdralSolid waste of palm oil has increased along palm oil industry development in Indonesia. Solid waste palm oil mill is organic pollutants. One of it is fiber waste, if it not managed properly will pollute the environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mixed cultures on process of aerobic composting of palm fiber with windrow method. This research is treating three windrows with size 6 x 1 x 0.5 m3 each one without the addition of a starter, with the addition of starter and addition of starter and POME. The C/N ratio result of the research showed that 19,91 on composting without starter at days 34, 19,73 on composting with starter addition at days 32, and 16,93 at days 30 on composting with addition of starter and POME. Optimum composting is windrow with additing starter and POME. At this composting kinetic parameters are maximum growth rate (μmaks), máximum substrat consumption constanta (Ks), and yield coeficient (Y), continuously 0,73 day-1, 49,1 g/L, and 0,030.Item Growth Kinetics of Microorganisms In Composting Processof Empty Fruit Bunch(2016-04-22) Legawati, Lisa; Ahmad, Adrianto; Helwani, ZuchraCPO production increased resulting in the amount of waste also increased, such as solid waste Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB). The composting process is one alternative method for reducing environmental pollution caused by waste EFB. However, the composting process takes a long time. Therefore, it is important to do a breakthrough to speed up the processing time. In this research, EFB composting process is done by adding a mixed culture that is useful as a starter and POME as a nutrition source. The purpose of this research was to determine the kinetic parameters of growth of microorganisms in the composting process Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) as information on the scale-up bioreactor. Aerobic composting process takes place with variations in source of microorganisms, they are without the addition of mixed cultures; the addition of mixed cultures with a concentration of 60%; and the addition of mixed cultures 60% + POME. Stages of this researchare the preparation of a starter, substrate preparation, preparation windrow, and the composting process. operating conditions of the composting process are a moisture content of 40-60%, 30-50 0C temperature, and pH 6 to 8.5. The results showed that the reduction in C/N ratio in the composting process of EFB by adding POME faster in the amount of 19,77 on day 32 with a value of kinetic parameters are μmax 0.63 day-1, the value of yield 0,014, and Ks amounted to 32,32 g / L.Item Synthesis of Copper Oxide Thin Film Via Sol-Gel Dip-Coating Route For Spectrally Selective Absorber Material(2016-04-22) Amri, Amun; Herman, SyamsuCopper oxide thin film coatings have been successfully coated on reflective aluminium substrates via facile sol–gel dip-coating route for spectrally selective absorber (SSA) application. For quantitatively analysis, the reflectance spectra obtained from UV-Vis-NIR and FTIR equiped with the integration spheres were used to measure the absorptance and emitance values, respectively. To optimize the performance, relevant parameters such as the concentration of sol precursor and the dip-drying cycle were investigated. The increase of the concentration of copper sol precursor in range of 0.1 - 0.3 M increased the absorptance value, likewise with the increase of the dip-drying cycles. The maximum absorptance of =72% with a spectrally selective absorber profile was achieved by a SSA material synthesized using 0.3 M copper nitrate, 0.3 M propionic acid, and 8 times dip-drying cycles. The emitance value of =6.63% for this coating was recorded. Good optical performance of spectrally selective absorber and the operational simplicity of the synthesis process make this coating have high prospect as spectrally selective absorber materialItem Home–Based Industry Operating Cost Reduction As Replacement Impact Of The Traditional Stove(2016-04-22) Helianty, SriCrispy-fried onions is a popular garnish and flavour enhancing produced by deep frying. Home based industries producing crispy-fried onions use a traditional conventional stoves for heating oil. Since conventional stoves fuel by biomass, such as woods, deep frying process releases toxic fumes that compraises small particles, carbon monoxide, and other noxious fumes. Therefore, replacement the conventional stove stove in crispy-fried onions home-based industries by the gasifier stove is necessary because the gasifier is healthier than the traditional stove. Home-based industries adopt the healthy stove technology for the traditional stove replacement as long as the stove is low-priced fuel intake, easily operated and simply constructed. This study is aim to evaluate energy cost for red onions frying in a home based industry that is production cost component. At the beginning of frying process, initial amount of woods was placed in gasifier stove, than certain amount of wood was added into the gasifier stove periodically for 1 hour. The result shows the gasifier stove requires 0,6 kg of woods / 1 kg fried onions / hour only while the traditional stove requires 1 kg of woods / 1 kg fried onions / hour. These numbers means the energy cost of the healthy stove is lower than the the traditional that effect on variable cost reduction from Rp. 655.000,- to Rp 462.000,-.Item Superheated Steam Generation Development Using Fuel Biomass at Patchouli Oil Refining Process(2016-04-22) Syukran; Elfiana; SaifuddinPatchouli distillation using process direct steam contact has been done by patchouli community in Indonesia has not been enough to produce the maximum rendement and quality. Rendement with conventional refining raw materials normal conditions ranged from 2-2.5% to the value of Patchouly Alcohol (PA) 30% ~ 32%. The rendement is influenced also by the condition of the raw material. The rendement can be improved through the engineering process. It is assumed that the low rendement is caused by the quality of steam distillation that is at the level of saturation or a mixture so that the energy required for the release of oil bonds in the raw material is not reached maximum. This research purposes to develop a process using superheated steam to improve the quality of steam distillation in an effort to drive the rendement using biomasssa as fuel. This research has produced a distillation unit with a capacity of 20kg of raw material / batch consisting of boilers with steam drum and superheater facilities, raw material boiler, condenser and oil separator. Distillation test results showed that an increase in the level of the state of the steam out of a boiler into a saturated state with the superheated steam. Steady state in the steam drum and superheater value of each 1,5bar/112oC; bar/140oC and produce to 20kg of raw material obtained under normal conditions rendement 3.1% with 5.5 hour time processItem Study of Performance of the Electric Generator Portable With NaCl Concentration Variation(2016-04-22) Amri, Idral; Sahan, Yusnimar; Martina; Sari, Jenita MayaIn Indonesia, the consumption of fossil oil as an energy resource will be reduced from 52% in 2015 to 20% in 2025. Galvani cell is one of many energies alternative, and it can be used as an electric resources. In this research, the portable electric generator was designed and builds to generate electric. This generator consists of magnesium AZ91 as an anode, the metal cell MAB5A as a cathode, and NaCl solution as an electrolyte. The objective of this research is determine the performance of this generator by using NaCl concentration variation 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10% and amount of the electrodes pair. The performance of this equipment was measured with a multi tester and Light Emitting Diode (LED) bulb. Results, LED bulb was light on for 31 hours by using NaCl 10% and 10 electrodes pair, this generator unit produced the electric voltage 15.47 volt.Item Experiences The Operation Of Coal Gasification Unit In Tea Drying Plant(2016-04-22) Sanjaya, Ari Susandy; Putri, Novy PralisaAnticipating the fluctuation of fuel oil cost, the management of tea plantation and drying plant has considered to substitute its oil consumption with producer gas (gaseous fuel obtained from gasification process). A tea drying unit normally consumes 70 Liter/hours of industrial diesel oil and is operated 10 hours per day. Based on energy balance calculation, this oil consumption might be replaced with coal of about 100 kg through gasification process. The gasification unit consisted of a downdraft fixed bed gasifier (designed capacity of about 100 kg/h), gas cooling and cleaning systems. The gas producer was delivered to the tea processing unit and burned to heat the drying air. Low calorific value coal 4500 kcal/kg and wood waste 4000 kcal/kg have been used as fuel. The gasification unit could be operated as long as 8 hours without refueled since the coal hopper on the top part of gasifier has a capacity of 1000 kg. Sometimes, the gasification process must be stopped before coal completely consumed due to ash melting inside the gasifier. Combustion of producer gas giving a pale blue flame, probably due to a lower calorific value of the gas producer or too much excess air. Temperature of heating air heated by combustion of this gas producer was only up to 85 oC. To attain the target temperature of 102 oC, a portion of fuel oil or small oil burner was still used, ie 15 Liter/hours instead of the original consumption of 70 Liter/hours. Thus the oil replacement was about 78 percent.Item Analyses Of Stress And Deformed Shape Of Hammer Mill Hammers (HMHs) By Using Autodesk Inventor(2016-04-22) Isnugroho, Kusno; Hendronursito, Yusup; Birawidha, David C; Yunus, MuhammadAnalyses on stress and deformed shape of Hammer Mill Hammers (HMHs) by using Autodesk Inventor software had been conducted. The simulation by using impact of 21.396 N and moment force of 1.326 Nmm resulted maximum result of Von Mises stress 153.5 Mpa and maximum displacement of 0.1695 mm with stress impact concentrated at one point (middle part) of the HMHs surface. If direction of impact load worked at the middle point and was distributed evenly at the periphery part of HMHs surface, the maximum Von Mises stress value was 204.4 Mpa and maximum displacement was 0.2819 mm. Seeing from obtained maximum Von Mises value, HMHs would not undergo failure because maximum of Von Mises value was lower than yield strength of used material; the manganese steel, with yield strength of 360 Mpa. Minimum values of safety factor or both directions of impact load were 1.761 and 2.345 respectively, and they excessed required values for a design (safety factor > 1).Item Influence of The Calcination Temperature And Ratio Of Cao/Hno3 On The Synthesis Of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate From Cockle Shell (Anadara Granosa)(2016-04-22) Purba, Paul Destin; Octavianty, Dhini; Amri, Amun; Zultiniar; YelmidaThe aim of this research is to synthesis the Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) from Anadara granosa cockle-sheell via carbonation method. The tested variables were the calcination temperatures (700oC, 800oC, and 900oC) and the ratios of between calcium oxide and nitric acid (14:300, 17:300, and 20:300 gr/m)l. The formed nitric calcium was then added by ammonia to pH 12 to start the synthesis of calcium hydroxide followed by flowing it with the carbon dioxide to form white precipitate (PCC). Based on the analysed, the best yield of PCC (84.88%) was obtained at calcination temperature of 900oC with the ratio of 14 gr:300 ml. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterizations revealed that the type of crystals formed was vaterit and the shape of crystals were round (sphere-like) with a relatively uniform in size, respectively.Item Fabrication And Characterization Of Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder From Geloina Coaxans(2016-04-22) Yanti, Pepi Helza; MaylindaFabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite from Geloina coaxans and H3PO4 as precursors have been done. The main of chemical composition from Geloina coaxans shell was CaCO3, this material can be used as calcium source on fabrication of hydroxyapatite. Calcium oxide was obtained by calcination CaCO3 at 900oC for 12 hour. Synthesis of HAp was done with molar ratio of precursor 1,67 and pH of solution was adjusted at 11 with different stirring times (4 and 6) hours. Hydroxyapatite synthesized was characterized using XRD instrument, and the result proved that HAp nanopowder can be obtained successfully with stirring time for 4 hour with specific peak at 2θ = 31.7. Using Schererr equation, particle size of HAp powder was 26.42 nm. FTIR analysis was also done to determine functional group of HAp. The FTIR spectra of HAp powder obtained show there were characteristics band exhibited in sample spectra. Thermal analysis and particle size analysis were also investigated with TG-DTA and PSA instruments respectively. Analysis morphology by SEM revealed nearly uniform spherical morphologyItem The Effect Of Initial Concentration And Ph Of Wastewater In Ammonia Removal Using Membrane Contactor In Counter-Current Mode(2016-04-22) Fermi, Muhammad Iwan; Muharam, Yuswan; Kartohardjono, SutrasnoThis study shows the application of hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) for ammonia removal from its solution using super hydrofobic polypropilene membrane. In this study, the waste water solution was flow in shell side while the absorbent solution in lumen fiber side in counter-current mode. Sulfuric acid (98% v/v) was used as abosrbent fluid. The HFMC module consists of 3000 fibers packed in 2-in diameter cylinder of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with fiber‘s efective length of 25 cm. As shown on the results of this study, super hydrofobic Polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor work effectively in removing ammonia from waste water. The highest ammount of ammonia that can be removed was obtained for initial concentration of 800 ppm which is 620.12 mg/L. In this study, the highest overall mass transfer coefficient is achieved at waste water pH of 12 which is 0.004 m.s-1.Item Synthesis Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Water Treatment in the Coastal Region(2016-04-22) Pinem, Jhon Armedi; Silvia, VanyIndonesia especially Riau Province have several coastal areas. Availability of fresh water in coastal areas Riau very minimal so that the necessary technology that can process water at the coast into clean water. Suitable technology used is cellulose acetate membrane technology. In this research is made of cellulose acetate membranes using phase inversion technique by precipitation by immersion. Ethanol is used as a coagulant ( non - solvent ) with the composition of the casting solution consists of cellulose acetate 17 % w/w , acetone 56 % w/w , and formamide 56 % w/w . Advantages of cellulose acetate as the membrane material is hydrophilic and have durability resistance of fouling, especially protein and fat. Cellulose acetate membranes also possess high flux, a combination that is rare in other membrane materials. Cellulose acetate membranes are relatively easy to manufacture and raw materials are renewable resources. Selection of acetone because acetone capable of dissolving cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate and formamide are not mutually dissolve (having different polarity characteristics) so it is necessary to dissolve the cellulose acetate phase using acetone. The purpose of the addition of formamide is additive to improve the properties of the membrane surface. With the additives may affect the morphology and structure of membrane performance. The third raw material is capable of producing a white sheet-shaped membrane. To maintain the quality of the cellulose acetate membrane, the membrane is kept in a solution of sodium azide 0.1%.