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Item KEANEKARAGAMAN LICHEN SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR PENCEMARAN UDARA DI KOTA PEKANBARU PROVINSI RIAU(2012-10-14) Panjaitan, Desi Maria; Fitmawati; Martina, AtriaLichen have been widely used as bioindicator of air quality. The aims of this study were to know the relationship between certain lichen with traffic volume and influence of traffic volume to lichen diversity and accumulation of Pb and Cr in lichen thalus. There were 20 species from 6 families found from all sampling sites. The highest traffic volume was observed in Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Jl. Arifin Ahmad and Jl. Adi Sucipto respectively. Lichen diversity increased with greater volume of traffic, and was highest at Jl. Adi Sucipto (17 species), Jl. Arifin Ahmad (12 species) and Jl. Jend. Sudirman (11 species). Dirinaria picta was found in all sampling sites and has the highest presence percentage among the observed lichens. The highest accumulation of Pb (4.48±0.18 ppm ) and Cr (1.00 ±0.14 ppm) in D. picta thalus was found at Jl. Jend. Sudirman. The lowest accumulation of Pb (2.03±0.03 ppm) and Cr (0.61±0.13 ppm) in D. picta thalus was found at Jl. Adi. Sucipto. The analysis of Spearmans correlation showed the positive correlation between traffic volume and accumulation of Pb and Cr on lichen thalus at Jl. Jend. Sudirman and Jl. Arifin Ahmad, while negative correlation was shown at Jl. Adi Sucipto. Spearman’s correlation showed negative correlatiom for traffic volume and accumulation of Cr in lichen thalus in all sampling sites.Item Biomasa Karbon Mikroba dan Aktivitas Enzim Selulolitik di Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu: Status Hara Karbon(2012-10-25) Yunita, Melda; Zul, Delita; Fibriati, Bernadeta LeniGiam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve is a peatland ecosystem consisting higher biodiversity of flora, fauna and soil microbes. Most of this areas have been converted into industrial forest plantation, oil palm plantation, agricultural activities, and settlement. This activity will decrease vegetation number and influence microbial population and activities at the end. Changing of the microbial at those population and activities will affect rate the impact of C cycle in peatland. This research aim was to analyze the impact of land use changes to microbial carbon biomass, cellulolytic bacterial cells number, and rate of cellulolytic enzymes activity (celllulase and β-glucosidase). Soil samples were taken from six different locations in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, namely primary forest (as a control), secondary forest, fourteen years old rubber plantation, fourty to sixty years old rubber plantation, twelve years old oil palm plantation, and three years old oil palm plantation. Soil physical and chemical characteristics varied in every location ranging from 28.25-31.25 ( o C) for soil temperature, dry weight 14.35-33.10 (%); water content 72.07-83.30 (%); bulk density 0.06-0.33 (g/cm 1 3 ) and 3.5 for soil pH. The lowest number of microbial carbon biomass was shown in the twelve years old oil palm plantation (240.29 µg C/hour/g soil) and the highest was in the primary forest (963.95 µg C/hour/g soil). The lowest number of cellulolytic bacterial cells number was shown in the primary forest (2.4·10 3 CFU/g soil) and the highest was in the fourty to sixty years old rubber plantation (1.3·10 4 CFU/g soil). The lowest number of cellulase activity was shown in the primary forest (0.67 µg/hour/g soil) and the highest was in the fourty to sixty years old rubber plantation (4.17 µg/jam/g tanah). The lowest number of β-glucosidase activity was shown in the 3 years old oil palm plantation (5.92 µmol PNP/hour/g soil) and the highest was in the fourty to sixty years old rubber plantation (27.45 µmol PNP/hour/g soil). Generally, land use changes govern the biomass microbial carbon biomass, cellulolytic bacterial number, and rate of cellulolytic enzymes activity in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve.Item CALYMPERACEAE (MUSCI) PADA BEBERAPA TIPE VEGETASI DI KAWASAN CAGAR BIOSFER GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU PROVINSI RIAU(2013-03-01) Fastanti, Fandri Sofiana; Fitmawati; Sofiyanti, NeryGiam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve is a conservation area in Riau Province, characterized by its peat swamp forest. This area posses a unique biological diversity, including mosses (Musci). One family of Musci that can adapt in this area is Calymperaceae. This group has unique morphological structure and vegetative reproduction which make them can survive in this area. However, in spite of their uniques, the data of this group is inadequate and diversity of moss from this biosphere reserve had been not reported yet. The aims of this study are to identify, characterize, and classify Calymperaceae diversity of Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve. All of the specimens in this study were collected from six sites, that are grouped based on their vegetation types, i.e. natural forest, industrial plant forest, rubber forest, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations and home gardens. Total of 11 species belongs to 4 genera were recordedItem Biomassa Nitrogen (N) Mikroba dan Aktivitas Urease Tanah di Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu: Sebagai Status Hara Nitrogen(2013-03-04) Komariah, Siti; F, Bernadeta Leni; Zul, DelitaGiam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSK-BB) is one of the peatland ecosystem that most of the regions have been converted into oil palm plantations, industrial forest plantation, and settlement. Environmental conditions disrupted by land conversion will affect the population, diversity and activity of soil microbes. This research aim was to analyze the impact of land use changes to nitrogen fixation bacterial cells number, microbial nitrogen biomass and urease activity in peatlands. Nitrogen fixation bacterial cells number was calculated by using a Total Plate Count (TPC) method, concentration of microbial N biomass was determined by using Chloroform Fumigation Extraction (CFE) and rate of urease activity was determined by quantifying ammonia released during an incubation by adding buffer solution. The result of physical and chemical characteristic of the soil ranged from 3.5 for pH, temperature 28.25-31.25oC, dry weight 21.20-42.86%, water content 63.2- 78.8% and bulk density 0.10-0.34 g/cm3. Cells number of nitrogen fixation symbiotic bacteria ranged from 3⋅2-4⋅9⋅103 CFU/g soil and cells number of nitrogen fixation non- symbiotic bacteria ranged from 3⋅2-9⋅3⋅102 CFU/g soil. Microbial N biomass varied ranging from 1.15-4.29 μg N/g soil and urease activity varied ranging from 3.66-39.28 μg NH4+/g dry weight soil/h. Based on the results obtained, it can be described that the soil quality in the GSK-BB Biosphere Reserve is still capable enough to support the sustainability of soil biological processesItem MORFOMETRIK DAN MERISTIK IKAN IKAN PARANG – PARANG (Chirocentrus dorab Forsskal, 1775) DI PERAIRAN BENGKALIS(2013-03-04) Fitriadi, A. F; Elvyra, R; YusfiatiThe aim of this study is to determine the morphometric and meristic of the parang- parang fish (Chirocentrus dorab) male and female in Bengkalis waters and also view the status of the fish growth. The method used is survey method. The number of samples collected was as many as 60 Chirocentrus dorab, consisting of 15 males in range of 448-680 cm and 15 females in range of 466-690 cm for Bengkalis Strait, and 15 males in range of 365-581 cm and 15 females in range of 370-590 cm for Malacca strait. The result of t test shows significant differences for male fish characters which are PSSA, TK, TB, TPE, PDSV, PM, JMTI, LB and for female which are PS, PSSA, TK, TB, TPE, PDSA, PDSV, PSEB, PM, JMTI, and LB. From the result, it is show that there are no differences beetwen beetwen Chirocentrus dorab male and female in their meristic charactersItem TOTAL POPULASI MIKROBA DAN AKTIVITAS PROTEASE PADA TANAH GAMBUT DI CAGAR BIOSFER GIAM SIAK KECIL - BUKIT BATU RIAU(2013-03-04) Marliyana, Siti; Zul, Delita; Fibriarti, Bernadeta LeniGiam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu (GSK-BB) Biosphere Reserve is one of peatland areas located in Riau Province that consist of conserved area and productive area. Most of these areas have been changed as oil palm plantation, industrial forest plantation, agriculture, and settlement. This research aim was to analyze land use change affect to microbial cells in GSK-BB Biosphere Reserve by analyzing physical and chemical characteristics of soil, quantifying microbial cells and determinating of protease activity. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil were measured by employing standard methods, microbial cells was quantified by using of total plate count method and protease activity was measured by using colorimetric method. Soil samples were taken from six different locations, namely primary forests (as a control), secondary forest, 14 years old rubber plantation, 40-60 years old rubber forests, 12 years old palm oil plantation, and 3 years old oil palm plantation. Soil physical and chemical characteristics varied in every location ranging from 3,5 for soil pH; temperature 28,25- 31,25oC; dry weight 14,70-34,70%; bulk density 0,08-0,38 g/cm3 and soil conductivity 8,75-20,5 me/100 g. Copiotropic bacterial cell number ranges from 7,05±0,85x104- 44±6,48x104 CFU/g soil. Oligotropic bacterial cell number ranges from 10,5±0,57x104-40,0±2,16x104 CFU/g soil. Proteolytic bacterial cell number ranges from 0,5±0,08x104 -4,6±0,53x104 CFU/g soil. Fungal cell number ranges from 2,42±0,78x103- 16,0±2,94x103 CFU/g soil. Actinomycetes cell number ranges from 4,00±1,15x103 - 9,25±1,70x103 CFU/ g soil. Protease activity ranges from 2,28-5,78 g tyrosine/ g soil/ hour. The results of this research show that land use changes influence the dry weight, bulk density, soil conductivity and microbial cells number.Item LAJU DEKOMPOSISI SERASAH DALAM DUA SISTEM BUDIDAYA KARET PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN RIMBO PANJANG, RIAU(2013-03-04) Anggrini, Maimona; Muhammad, Ahmad; Fatonah, SitiThis study focused on two smallholder rubber systems in Riau, i.e. “rubber jungle” and “rubber garden,” which have contrasting vegetative structure. Owing to the absence of weeding, rubber jungle may become as dense as 1100-1200 trees/ha, consisting of around 28.80% non-rubber trees. In rubber garden, stand density is retained at usually 500-600 trees/ha and as monospecific stands. Such differences have been suspected to affect decomposition process beneath each system. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the rate of litter decomposition and nutrient changes in rubber forest and rubber garden. This research has been done throughout the period of February-August 2012 (180 days) on a peatland area situated at Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Regency, Riau. Dried naturally-fallen rubber leaves were used as litter, which was exposed to field conditions in nylon litter bags. In both rubber growing systems, litter rapidly lost substantial amount of its mass (averagely 34.59%) during the first 30 days, but the decomposition slowed down thereafter until the end of the experiment on the 180th day, where the average remaining litter mass was 43.13% of the initial mass. Litter decomposition rate in earlier phase was 1.16%/day and slowed down to 0.32%/day to the 180th day. C/N ratio declined through time, starting from 40.41 to 27.42. P content did not change much through time, while K fluctuated slightly. In contrast, Ca increased in earlier phase to the middle of decomposition process and decreased afterwards. Mg decreased though timeItem KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN BIOMASSA RAYAP TANAH DI HUTAN ALAM DAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI (HTI) PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2013-03-04) Ayu, Febri; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaThe conversion of peat swamp forest into industrial pulpwood (Acacia crassicarpa) plantation forest (“HTI”) has been suspected to cause substantial change in biodiversity, such as might be reflected in termite assemblages. This study was carried out to investigate how such conversion affects subterranean termites diversity and biomass. The study area was conducted at Bukit Batu District, Riau Province. Termite sampling was done in September and October 2011 at four natural forest sites in Bukit Batu Wildlife Reserve and four HTI sites situated near the former. Termites were systematically sampled with the help of a transect of 100 m drawn on each site. We used 10 square subplots (1 m x 1 m) situated along the transect with a regular interval of 10 m, and termites were extracted down to 10 cm deep beneath the peat surface. Nine species were found, consisting of eight genera, four subfamilies and two families. Termite species found only under natural forest were Microcerotermes dubius, Bulbitermes flavicans, Nasutitermes proatripennis and Ceylonitermes indicola. Species encountered only under HTI was Coptotermes curvignathus. Four species occurring in both land use types were Capritermes semarangi, Capritermes mohri, Schedorhinotermes malaccensis and Parrhinotermes aequalis (Sørensen Similarity Index = 61.54%). Termite biomass was relatively small, with only 0.53 ± 0.41 gr/m2 and 0.29 ± 0.19 gr/m2 under natural forest and HTI, respectively, and there was no significant difference between themItem MORFOMETRIK DAN MERISTIK IKAN BUNTAL PISANG (Tetraodon lunaris) DI PERAIRAN LAUT DAN PAYAU KABUPATEN BENGKALIS(2013-03-04) Syahrozi; Yusfiati; Elvyra, RozaThere are two kinds of morfologi, morfometrics and meristic. Morfometrics is characteristics which are associated with part size of fish body such as the total and standart length. Meristics is characteristics which are connected to the number of body part of fish such as the number of scales on the lateral line, the number of hard and sof dorsal fins. Morfometrics and meristic study of puffer fish (Tetraodon lunaris) was conducted at Bengkalis and Sungai Pakning waters. The aim of this study is to know the differentes between of morfometrics and meristics of puffer fish in waters with different salinity condition. This study was conducted from September to November 2012. Fish sampling was carried was at Bengkalis and Sungai Pakning waters which has 50 samples for each location. Research data was analyzed using excel and SPSS program. The total length of puffer fish in Bengkalis and Sungai Pakning ranges 45-160 mm and 45-151 mm. Puffer fish growth status in the both locations of research is positive allometrik, negative allometrik and isometric. There are no differences in shown puffer fish morfometrics character ratio between Bengkalis and Sungai Pakning waters.The T- test result shows character growth JSAPSE / PT significantly different between both locations of this research. There are no differences in puffer fish meristics for both locations, Bengkalis and Sungai Pakning watersItem POTENSI ALELOPATI EKSTRAK DAUN Pueraria javanica TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN ANAKAN GULMA Borreria alata (Aublet) DC(2013-03-04) Murtini, Ika; Fatonah, Siti; Izda, Mayta NovalizaThe allelopathic substances are organic agents which are produced and released by a plant that cause alteration on the neighboring plants. The characteristics of allelopathic substances usually inhibit germination of other species and sometimes will reduce the plant growth. This research was aimed to determine the effect of Puararia javanica leaf extract and also to determine optimum concentration on seed germination and growth of weeds Borreria alata in field condition. This experiment used to extract concentration 0, 2, 6, 18 and 54%. The experiment showed that germination and growth of Borreria alata were reduced by leaf extract of Puararia javanica. The highest germination and growth inhibition at concentrations of the leaf extract 54% respectively are 50% and 60.27%Item Karakteristik Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Tahan Simpan Asal Pulau Bengkalis(2013-03-04) Sukoco; Fatonah, Siti; FitmawatiBengkalis island is one of island in Riau that has the highest durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) diversity. Storage life time is an importance characteristic in agribusiness. The aim of this research is to characterize the storage life time of durian cultivars and to recomend the superior candidate parents in Bengkalis Island, Riau Province based on morphologies and post harvest characters. Data was analyzed using analysis of varians (ANOVA) and correlated between characters using pearson corelation analysis. Storage life time of durian is between 0.33 to 5 day. Result from Pearson correlation showed that there are 7 characters in positive and 4 characters in negative correlation. The longest storage life time was found at BT11 cultivar 5 days and 0.33 day respectively SB4 and had negative correlation with aril texture about 0.581%Item AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) TERHADAP Escherichia coli DAN Salmonella typhi(2013-03-04) Anggrahini, Dian ND.; Roza, Rodesia M.; FitmawatiPapaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant which had been used by society since long time ago as a traditional medicine. It was predicted that there was antibacterial substances in papaya, so it can be used as antibiotic substitutes. The aims of this study were to know the extraction method and concentration of Carica papaya L. against the test bacteria. Carica papaya L. leaf extract were made by maceration method, grinding method, boiling fresh leaf method, and boiling dry leaf method. The test bacteria were E. coli and S. typhi. The inhibition zone was determined for concentration ranging from 10% to 100% (10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Antibacterial activity test was done using paper disc and agar well methods. The result showed that Carica papaya L. leaf extract had antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. typhi that was showed by zone of inhibition. Maceration method with agar well was the most effective extraction method against of E. coli and S. typhi. The bigest zone of inhibition was showed in concentration 100%. The maceration method with agar well demonstrated the highest activity against E. coli (17±1 mm zone of inhibition) and S. typhi (15±0,5 mm zone of inhibition)Item INVENTARISASI JENIS-JENIS IKAN DI SUNGAI SINGINGI KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI(2013-03-04) Zalmi, G.; Elvyra, R.; YusfiatiSingingi river has an important role as one of freshwater fishery resources in Kuantan Singingi. Therefore data and information relating to fish species are needed. The objective of this study is to create inventory of fish species in Singingi river, Kuantan Singingi. The research is conducted by survey method. The samples of fish consist of three individual from each species. The samples of fish were preserved with formalin 4%, 10% and alcohol 70%. Identification of fish was carried in Zoology laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Science, Riau University. Fishes founded in Singingi river consists of 4 orders, 13 family, 23 genera, and 38 species. They are family Cyprinidae (21 species), Cobitidae (3 species), Anabantidae (2 species), Channidae (2 species), Bagridae (2 species), Balitoridae (1 species), Belontiidae (1 species), Mastacembelidae (1 species), Akysidae (1 species), Clariidae (1 species), Pangasidae (1 species), Siluridae (1 species), Synbranchidae (1 species)Item LAJU PRODUKSI SERASAH DALAM DUA SISTEM BUDIDAYA KARET PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN RIMBO PANJANG, RIAU(2013-03-04) Nanda, Fristya; Muhammad, Ahmad; Fatonah, SitiThe contrasting difference in the vegetation structure of two smallholder rubber growing systems, namely “rubber jungle” and “rubber garden,” has been suspected to affect nutrient cycling in both systems. In this study, we focused on litter production, which roughly reflects the rate of nutrient return to the soil. The objective of the present study has been to assess litter production and composition in both types of rubber growing systems. Our study sites were situated in a peatland area at Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Regency, Riau, where we selected four rubber jungle plots and four rubber garden. Three litter traps (each 1 x 1 x 1 m) were systematically set up beneath rubber stands in a regular interval of 30 m within each selected plot. Trapped litter was collected weekly for 26 consecutive weeks between February and August 2012. Litter samples were dried up to their constant dry weight before weighing and analyzed after their components (leaves, flower and fruits, others). They were also analyzed on a monthly basis for their contents of C, N, P, K Ca, and Mg. In both systems, litter production was strongly correlated with monthly rainfall volume (r2= 0.91 and 0.95in rubber jungle and rubber garden, respectively). Litter production rate was 71.56 g/m2/month or 8587,2 kg/ha/yr in rubber jungle and 65.36 g/m2/month or 7843,2 kg/ha/yr in rubber garden. There was, however, no significant difference between them. Litter averagely consisted of about 60% leaves, 7% flowers and fruits, and 33% other components. Leaf mass varied significantly between rubber jungle and rubber garden, while the mass of flowers and fruits and other components did not. Leaf mass also fluctuated following rainfall, which peaking in March and July. Flower and fruit mass increased from February to August, while the mass of other components decreased during the same period. C/N ratio in litter of both systems influenced by rainfall, in which litter produced during wetter months had slightly smaller C/N ratio, but the correlation between both variables was insignificant. Through litter production trees in both rubber growing systems returned N, P, K, Ca and Mg with the average rate of 125.05 kg/ha/yr, 9.94 kg/ha/yr, 29.71 kg/ha/yr, 77.99 kg/ha/yr and 29.88 kg/ha/yr, respectivelyItem ASPEK REPRODUKSI IKAN PARANG-PARANG (Chirocentrus dorab Forsskal 1775) DI PERAIRAN LAUT BENGKALIS KABUPATEN BENGKALIS PROVINSI RIAU(2013-03-04) Martalena, L; Elvyra, R; YusfiatiThe parang-parang fish (Chirocentrus dorab) is one of the species fish in Bengkalis sea waters which economic valuable. The aspect reproduction of parang-parang fish (Chirocentrus dorab) conducted in Bengkalis sea waters. The purpose of this study is to learn about the aspect reproduction of parang-parang fish (Chirocentrus dorab) in Bengkalis sea waters of Riau Province which includes sexuality, gonad maturity level, gonad maturity index, fecundity and eggs diametre. The method is used survey and interview. The study was conducted from March 2012 to August 2012. Sampling was during conducted six months on March 2012 to August 2012. The total number fish are 88 fishes of 56 males and 32 females. The range of total lenght parang-parang (Chirocentrus dorab) fish of males range 321 – 590 mm and body weight 200,0 – 1500,0 gr. While the total lenght fish of females range 445 – 725 mm and body weight 300,0 – 1700,0 gr. The reproduction aspect were gonad maturity stages I-V for males and for females fish gonad maturity stages II-V. The size of first gonad mature of males fish 321 - 590 mm and females fish 565 - 691 mm. The gonad maturity indeks for males fish range average 0,459%-0,91862% and for females fish range average 0,79167% - 6,34316%. The fecundity obtained from 18 female fish at TKG IV varied ranging from 30.394 – 89.524 eggs. The diametre eggs of spawns 0,67 - 0,99 mm. The Kontingensi Test indication distribution of egg diametre of parang-parang (Chirocentrus dorab) is homogen. Reproductive patterns is total spawnerItem KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN BIOMASSA RAYAP TANAH DI KEBUN KELAPA SAWIT DAN KEBUN PEKARANGAN PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2013-03-04) Purnasari, Treshandila; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaThis study has been conducted with the objective to know and compare the diversity and biomass of subterranean termites on peatland being used as oil palm plantation and homegarden in Bukit Batu area, Riau. Termite sampling was done in September 2011 at two villages. Four plots were selected to represent each land use type. In each plot one transect line of 100 m was drawn, on which ten subplots of 1 m x 1 m were situated with a distance of 10 m from one to the next. Termites were collected from beneath the peat surface down to a depth of 10 cm within each plot. They were weighed alive as fresh biomass. Six termite species belonging to four genera, three subfamilies and two families were encountered. There were only three species (Parrhinotermes inaequalis, Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis and Coptotermes curvignathus) found under oil palm, all of which also occurred under homegarden (Sorensen Similarity Index=66.67%). Capritermes latignathus, Parrhinotermes sp. and Coptotermes kalshoveni were three species encountered only under homegarden. Termite biomass was invariably small under both land uses, with an average of 0.9 ± 0.40 gr/m2 and 0.3 ± 0.32 gr/m2 under oil palm and homegarden, respectively. There were no significant difference in termite biomass between these land usesItem AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN BENALU (Scurulla sp) YANG TUMBUH PADA BEBERAPA INANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Salmonella typhi(2013-03-04) Nasution, Pebriana; Roza, Rodesia Mustika; FitmawatiScurulla sp as arboreal parasitic plant that hold and absorb its nutrient from host. During nutrient absorption, all of metabolites (include secondary metabolites) which produce by the host will be also absorbed. For this reason Scurulla sp must have capability to develop strategies to adapt. Different host are estimated to produce different secondary metabolite. The aims of this study is to know the best solvent between water and methanol to reduce the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts Scurulla sp from different hosts (Coffea arabica, Theobroma cacao, Diospyros nigra) and to know the concentration exctract of Scurulla sp against S. typhi. The method used in this research is the experimental method in the laboratory. There are 5 concentration variations. This extraction performed used methanol and water, and were used series of dilution 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The exctract than was tested by paper disc diffusion and agar wells method, then incubated for 24-72 hours at room temperature. Observations were made by measuring the area which of inhibition. The results showed the inhibition of the solvent methanol has the inhibition area is bigger than the solvent water at all concentrations. Extract of Scurulla sp from Coffea arabica host, Theobroma cacao host and Diospyros nigra host showed the highest in a 100% concentration. The lowest concentration of 10% is characterized by no area of the inhibition on all hosts with the methanol and water solventsItem AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN MAHANG (Macaranga triloba (Muell.) Arg.) TERHADAP Escherichia coli DAN Salmonella typhi(2013-03-04) Sari, Rika Purnama; Roza, Rodesia Mustika; FitmawatiMany kinds of plant species grow in Indonesia. One of them is Mahang (Macaranga triloba (Muell.) Arg.). Mahang (Macaranga triloba (Muell.) Arg.) leaf are often used as traditional medicine. The aims of this study were to find the activity of bacterias using 4 extraction methods and to find the most effective extraction method and concentration in inhibition the bacteria growth againts E. coli and S. typhi. The extraction which had been done by maceration method with methanol dissolver, boiling dry leaf, grinding leaf, boiling fresh leaf. The testing activity was done using paper disk and agar well by extract concentration 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 10%. The result of this research showed that of the most effective extraction method and concentration in producing inhibition zone were methanol in concentration of 100%, both E. coli and S. typhi, that is 15,43±2,19 mm and 20,67±1,14 mmItem ISTRIBUSI SEL MUKUS ESOFAGUS IKAN BUNTAL Tetraodontidae DARI PERAIRAN LAUT DAN PAYAU(2013-03-04) Hidayatullah, S; Yusfiati; WindartiPuffer fish Tetraodon nigroviridis is able to live in the brackish and sea water. Sutarman in Purbomartono (2004) stated that the salinity difference affects the number of goblet and mucous cells in the esophagus wall tissue layer. To understand the microscopic structure differences of esophagus cell layers of fish from brackish and saline waters, a study has been conducted in February–August 2012. Fish samples were collected from the Sei Pakning River (brackish water) and Bengkalis sea, Riau. The fish’s esophagus was formalin preserved, alcohol series processed, HE and PAS stained. The type of cells in the esophagus wall layer, the number of mucous cells and mucous cell area were investigated. Results shown that the esophagus wall of fish from brackish and sea water consist of 4 tissue layers. There is similarity in the 1st, 2nd and 4th layers, as they are consisted of mucous layer, sub- mucosa and serous layers respectively. The 3rd layer, however, is different. There is a single layer of circular muscle in the brackish fish, but there are a longitudinal muscle layer in the internal part and a circular muscle layer in the external part of the esophagus wall of the sea fish. The average of mucous cell area ranges from 0.00043- 0.00046 mm2. The number of mucous cells in the brackish fish is 293 cells/mm2 (19,17% of total area) , while that of the sea fish is 706 cells/ mm 2 (37,16% of total area). The difference of the number and area of the mucous cells may represent the adaptation effort of the fish toward environmental condition.Item APLIKASI MULSA ORGANIK Pueraria javanica DAN KOMPOS PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT(Elaeis guineensis) TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN ANAKAN GULMA Borreria alata (Aublet) DC(2013-03-21) Indraheni, Rina; Fatonah, Siti; HermanOne of the alternative methods for weed control is soil mulching. Mulches influence weed germination and growth by blocking the daylight. Soil surface can be mulched by different materials. Such as organic materials. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect two organic mulches Pueraria javanica and the palm oil stem compost (Elaeis guenensis) on Borreria alata. In this study with thicknesses (2.5, 7.5 and 12.5 cm) and an unmulched. The observed data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the significant differences among the treatment means were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range test with probability level of P=0.05. The results showed that all organic mulches lessen weed germination and growth. Mulch of Pueraria javanica with thickness 2.5 cm reduced weed germination as 76.29% and growth as 44.26%. Palm oil stem compost (Elaeis guenensis) with thickness 2.5 cm had the strongest influence on the decrease of weed germination i.e 86.60% and growth i.e 32.79%. The 7.5 cm and 12.5 cm thickness mulching with Pueraria javanica and Palm oil stem compost (Elaeis guenensis) didnot germinate weeds