Browsing by Author "Muhammad, Ahmad"
Now showing 1 - 20 of 23
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item FAUNA SEMUT TANAH PADA LAHAN GAMBUT YANG DIALIHGUNAKAN MENJADI KEBUN KELAPA SAWIT DAN HTI AKASIA SERTA PERANANNYA SEBAGAI PENGANGKUT GAMBUT(2014-03-28) Sari, Melisa Ratna; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaDeforestation and conversion of peatlands into plantations have promoted the proliferation of ground dwelling ants (class Insecta, order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae) in peatland environments. The insects, which build belowground nests, potentially affect the physical characteristics of peat through pedoturbation activity. We conducted the present study to know the species assemblages of ground-nesting ants and to assess the significance of peat displacement made by the insects. Surveys were carried out in oil plam plantations and acacia plantations (“HTI”) in Bukit Batu area, Bengkalis District, Riau Province. Ants were directly sampled at the nest’s holes that occurred within sampling transects (4 locations/plantation type and 4 transects/location). In a total of 190 nests, we encountered 16 ants spesies belonging to five subfamilies (Dolichoderinae, Ectatomminae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae). There were 14 species found in oil palm plantations and seven species in acacia plantations. Most abundant nests in the former belonged to Pheidole sp1 (262.5 nests/ha), Odontoponera trasversa (212.5 nests/ha), Dolichoderus sp. (187.5 nests/ha) in oil palm plantations. In acacia plantation, Anoplolepis gracilipes (612.5 nests/ha), Paratrechina longicornis (212.5 nests/ha) had the most abundant nests. The overall nest density was 1250 nests/ha in oil palm plantations and 1125 nests/ha in acacia plantations. In oil palm plantations, ants soil species that carried out peat in the biggest total is Pheidole sp.1 (1101,8 kg/ha/year), Dolichoderus sp. (807.6 kg/ha/year) and Irydomyrmex sp. (677.1 kg/ha/year) and in acacia plantations Anoplolepis gracilipes (3688.8 kg/ha/year), Odontomachus sp.(1002.8 kg/ha/year), dan Paratrechina longicornis (698.1 kg/ha/year). Total of peat transport rate in oil palm plantations is 4.4 ton/ha/year and in acacia plantation (5.9 ton/ha/year)Item FAUNA SEMUT TANAH PADA LAHAN GAMBUT YANG DIALIHGUNAKAN MENJADI KEBUN KELAPA SAWIT DAN HTI AKASIA SERTA PERANANNYA SEBAGAI PENGANGKUT GAMBUT(2013-08-30) Sari, Melisa Ratna; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaDeforestation and conversion of peatlands into plantations have promoted the proliferation of ground dwelling ants (class Insecta, order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae) in peatland environments. The insects, which build belowground nests, potentially affect the physical characteristics of peat through pedoturbation activity. We conducted the present study to know the species assemblages of ground-nesting ants and to assess the significance of peat displacement made by the insects. Surveys were carried out in oil plam plantations and acacia plantations (“HTI”) in Bukit Batu area, Bengkalis District, Riau Province. Ants were directly sampled at the nest’s holes that occurred within sampling transects (4 locations/plantation type and 4 transects/location). In a total of 190 nests, we encountered 16 ants spesies belonging to five subfamilies (Dolichoderinae, Ectatomminae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae). There were 14 species found in oil palm plantations and seven species in acacia plantations. Most abundant nests in the former belonged to Pheidole sp1 (262.5 nests/ha), Odontoponera trasversa (212.5 nests/ha), Dolichoderus sp. (187.5 nests/ha) in oil palm plantations. In acacia plantation, Anoplolepis gracilipes (612.5 nests/ha), Paratrechina longicornis (212.5 nests/ha) had the most abundant nests. The overall nest density was 1250 nests/ha in oil palm plantations and 1125 nests/ha in acacia plantations. In oil palm plantations, ants soil species that carried out peat in the biggest total is Pheidole sp.1 (1101,8 kg/ha/year), Dolichoderus sp. (807.6 kg/ha/year) and Irydomyrmex sp. (677.1 kg/ha/year) and in acacia plantations Anoplolepis gracilipes (3688.8 kg/ha/year), Odontomachus sp.(1002.8 kg/ha/year), dan Paratrechina longicornis (698.1 kg/ha/year). Total of peat transport rate in oil palm plantations is 4.4 ton/ha/year and in acacia plantation (5.9 ton/ha/year).Item INVENTARISASI KEPITING BIOLA (OCYPODIDAE) DI LINGKUNGAN INTERTIDAL KABUPATEN BENGKALIS, RIAU(Elfitra, 2022-12) Putri, Hartina; Mahatma, Radith; Muhammad, AhmadEnvironmental changes in the intertidal area causes mangrove degradation and aberration resulting in an impact on the existence of fiddler crab. This study aimed to investigate fiddler crabs (ocypodidae) from the intertidal environment of Bengkalis Regency, Riau. Fiddler crabs were taken in October 2020 in two different locations (Bukit Batu and Tanjung Leban). Speciments were collected using a hoe or by hand capture. The results of research in the intertidal area of Bengkalis Regency found six species from two genera. The two species belong to the genus Austruca (A. annulipes A. perplexa), and four species belong to the genus Tubuca (T. typhoni, T. urvillei, T. dussumieri, T. rosea).Item KAJIAN AKTIFITAS CACING TANAH PADA LAHAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU (RTH) DALAM KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS RIAU, PEKANBARU BERDASARKAN PRODUKSI KASCING(2014-03-28) Harjoyudanto, Yudho; Muhammad, Ahmad; WindartiThe objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of ground cover vegetation types and precipitation on earthworm activity and to assess the earthworm contribution to soil porosity in green open spaces (“RTH”) at the campus of Riau University. Four different cover vegetation types were examined: grass, shrubs, single tree and compound trees. This study was conducted from March-May 2013. Twenty observation plots of 1 m x 1 m were randomly selected to represent each cover vegetation type. The cast productions was observed every 5 days within 50 consecutive days. Precipitation data of the same period was obtained from the Meteorological Office of Pekanbaru City. The environmental condition in each plot was characterized based on four parameters: the ground cover vegetation, root mass, soil bulk density, and soil pH. Chemical analysis was carried out to determine C-organic, total N, P, and K as well as P-available contents of soil and cast samples. Texture analysis was also performed on soil and cast samples. The results showed that cover vegetation type and precipitation significantly influenced earthworm activity (P<0.05) as indicated by the amount of cast produced. Casts had significantly higher content of C-organic, total N, P, and K as well as P-available compared to soil (P<0.05). Casts also had smaller sand fraction but higher clay fraction than soil. In conclusion, the most active earthworms, thus also enhancing soil porosity the most, were found under shrubs while the least active were found under grass as reflected in cast production level.Item KAJIAN PENGARUH AKTIVITAS RAYAP TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MIKROBIOLOGIS GAMBUT(2014-03-28) Yuliana, Sri; Zul, Delita; Muhammad, AhmadThe activities of subterranean termites inhabiting peatland habitats, such as processing peat into nest materials, have been suspected to affect the microbiological characteristics of peat. We carried out this preliminary study to clarify it by checking four parameters, i.e. microbial C biomass, respiration rate, total population of cellulolytic bacteria, and cellulase activity. Samples of both termite nests (Coptotermes curvignathus and Bulbitermes sp.) and peat were collected from acacia (Acacia crassicarpa) plantation (HTI) and rubber(Heveabrasiliensis) in the peatland area of Bukit Batu area, Bengkalis, Riau. Results showed that termite nest samples had larger microbial C biomass (averagely 284,76 :g C/g sample), higher respiration rate (averagely 0,44 mg CO 2/m2/hour), larger population of cellulolytic bacteria (averagely 3,19.105 CFU/g sampel), but lower cellulase activity (averagely 0,06 :g glukosa/hour/g sample). Microbial C biomass was not remarkably different in the nests of both termite species. Higher respiration rate was observed in Bulbitermes nests. Larger population of cellulolytic bacteria and higher cellulase activity were demonstrated in Coptotermes nests.Item KAJIAN PENGARUH AKTIVITAS SEMUT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MIKROBIOLOGIS GAMBUT(2014-03-28) Amriyah, Mepa; Zul, Delita; Muhammad, AhmadGround-dwelling ants build underground nests in peatland areas that have been converted into acacia plantation (“HTI”). The activity of the ants, such as bringing foods into their nests and excreting can alter the substrate availability for microorganisms in belowground environments. The present study is a preliminary investigation of the effect of ground-dwelling ant activity on the microbiological properties of subsurface peat. Samples of ants nest and peat were collected from Bukit Batu area in Bengkalis District, Riau Province. Peat inhabited by ants showed larger microbial C biomass (1461,83 C/hour/g sample) and hence the control peat (104,88 C/hour/g sample). The former (possibly also) demonstrated higher respiration rate (233,72 μg CO2/m2/hour). However, ant acitivities in their nests decreased total population of cellulolytic bacteria (9,3x103 CFU/g sample), hence also the cellulase activity (0,17 μg/hour/g sample)Item KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN BIOMASSA RAYAP TANAH DI DUA SISTEM BUDIDAYA KARET PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2013-07-04) Saputra, Andi; Muhammad, Ahmad; Yus, YusnartiTwo different rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cultivation systems can be encountered on peatland, namely the “rubber jungle system” and “rubber small-plantation system”, the names of which reflect the difference in management intensity. In this study, we investigated whether the difference in some physical characteristics between these systems has impact on subterranean termite diversity and biomass. Four rubber jungle plots and four rubber small-plantation plots located in the peatland of Bukit Batu area, Riau, were selected to test it. Termites were collected in each plot with the help of a 100 m-long transect line on which ten smaller sampling plots (100 cm x 100 cm) were laid at regular interval (10 m) during the period of July-September 2011. We found eight species, six genera, four subfamilies, and two families in this study. Species found only in the jungle plots were Capritermes mohri, Termes rostratus, and Bulbitermes constrictiformis, while species found only in the small-plantation plots are Coptotermes havilandi, and Parrhinotermes sp. Three termite species that could be encountered in both were Coptotermes curvignatus, Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis and Capritermes latignatus. The difference in species composition between the two types of rubber cultivation system was 55.46% (Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity Index). Termite biomass was small in both systems although the biomass in jungle system (0.38 + 0.3 gr/m2) was slightly larger than that in small-plantation system (0.14 + 0.15 gr/m2) (P>0.05).Item KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN BIOMASSA RAYAP TANAH DI HUTAN ALAM DAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI (HTI) PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2014-03-28) Ayu, Febri; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaThe conversion of peat swamp forest into industrial pulpwood (Acacia crassicarpa) plantation forest (“HTI”) has been suspected to cause substantial change in biodiversity, such as might be reflected in termite assemblages. This study was carried out to investigate how such conversion affects subterranean termites diversity and biomass. The study area was conducted at Bukit Batu District, Riau Province. Termite sampling was done in September and October 2011 at four natural forest sites in Bukit Batu Wildlife Reserve and four HTI sites situated near the former. Termites were systematically sampled with the help of a transect of 100 m drawn on each site. We used 10 square subplots (1 m x 1 m) situated along the transect with a regular interval of 10 m, and termites were extracted down to 10 cm deep beneath the peat surface. Nine species were found, consisting of eight genera, four subfamilies and two families. Termite species found only under natural forest were Microcerotermes dubius, Bulbitermes flavicans, Nasutitermes proatripennis and Ceylonitermes indicola. Species encountered only under HTI was coptotermes curvignathus. Four species occurring in both land use types were Capritermes semarangi, Capritermes mohri, Schedorhinotermes malaccensis and Parrhinotermes aequalis (Sørensen Similarity Index = 61.54%). Termite biomass was relatively small, with only 0.53 ± 0.41 gr/m2 and 0.29 ± 0.19 gr/m2 under natural forest and HTI, respectively, and there was no significant difference between themItem KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN BIOMASSA RAYAP TANAH DI HUTAN ALAM DAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI (HTI) PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2013-03-04) Ayu, Febri; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaThe conversion of peat swamp forest into industrial pulpwood (Acacia crassicarpa) plantation forest (“HTI”) has been suspected to cause substantial change in biodiversity, such as might be reflected in termite assemblages. This study was carried out to investigate how such conversion affects subterranean termites diversity and biomass. The study area was conducted at Bukit Batu District, Riau Province. Termite sampling was done in September and October 2011 at four natural forest sites in Bukit Batu Wildlife Reserve and four HTI sites situated near the former. Termites were systematically sampled with the help of a transect of 100 m drawn on each site. We used 10 square subplots (1 m x 1 m) situated along the transect with a regular interval of 10 m, and termites were extracted down to 10 cm deep beneath the peat surface. Nine species were found, consisting of eight genera, four subfamilies and two families. Termite species found only under natural forest were Microcerotermes dubius, Bulbitermes flavicans, Nasutitermes proatripennis and Ceylonitermes indicola. Species encountered only under HTI was Coptotermes curvignathus. Four species occurring in both land use types were Capritermes semarangi, Capritermes mohri, Schedorhinotermes malaccensis and Parrhinotermes aequalis (Sørensen Similarity Index = 61.54%). Termite biomass was relatively small, with only 0.53 ± 0.41 gr/m2 and 0.29 ± 0.19 gr/m2 under natural forest and HTI, respectively, and there was no significant difference between themItem KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN BIOMASSA RAYAP TANAH DI KEBUN KELAPA SAWIT DAN KEBUN PEKARANGAN PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2013-03-04) Purnasari, Treshandila; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaThis study has been conducted with the objective to know and compare the diversity and biomass of subterranean termites on peatland being used as oil palm plantation and homegarden in Bukit Batu area, Riau. Termite sampling was done in September 2011 at two villages. Four plots were selected to represent each land use type. In each plot one transect line of 100 m was drawn, on which ten subplots of 1 m x 1 m were situated with a distance of 10 m from one to the next. Termites were collected from beneath the peat surface down to a depth of 10 cm within each plot. They were weighed alive as fresh biomass. Six termite species belonging to four genera, three subfamilies and two families were encountered. There were only three species (Parrhinotermes inaequalis, Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis and Coptotermes curvignathus) found under oil palm, all of which also occurred under homegarden (Sorensen Similarity Index=66.67%). Capritermes latignathus, Parrhinotermes sp. and Coptotermes kalshoveni were three species encountered only under homegarden. Termite biomass was invariably small under both land uses, with an average of 0.9 ± 0.40 gr/m2 and 0.3 ± 0.32 gr/m2 under oil palm and homegarden, respectively. There were no significant difference in termite biomass between these land usesItem KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KELIMPAHAN FAUNA SEMUT TANAH PADA LAHAN GAMBUT YANG DIALIHGUNAKAN MENJADI KEBUN KELAPA SAWIT DAN HTI AKASIA DI KAWASAN BUKIT BATU, RIAU(2013-07-30) Rodhiyah, Zuli; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaThe aim of this study was to assess the structure of ground-dwelling ant fauna (class Insecta; order Hymenoptera; family Formicidae) as well as the nest abundance and species diversity in peatland that had been converted into oil palm plantation and industrial pulpwood plantation (HTI). This study was carried out in Bukit Batu area, Bengkalis District, Riau Province. Four oil palm plots (all about 5-6 year-old Elaeis guineensis stands) and four HTI plots (all about 5-6 yr-old Acacia crassicarpa stands) were selected as sampling sites. In each selected plot, four separated sampling transects of 25 m x 2 m were established. Ground-dwelling ants occurring within the plots were sampled directly from their nest holes. There were in total only 13 ants species encountered, of which the most frequently-encountered ant species were members of Formicinae and the least one was member of Ectatomminae. Eleven of them (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Anochetus sp., Dolicoderus sp., Gnamptogenys sp., Iridomyrmex sp., Meranoplus sp., Odontoponera transversa, Odontomachus sp., Pheidole sp., Paratrechina longicornis, and Tapinoma sp.) were found in oil palm plots and eight (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Iridomyrmex sp., Odontoponera transverse, Odontomachus sp., Pheidole sp., Paratrechina longicornis, Camponotus sp., and Polyrachis sp..) were encountered in HTI plots. Inter-plot similarity in species assemblages between oil palm plantation and HTI was averagely 53,5% (Sørensen Similarity Index). Similarity between oil palm plots was averagely 75,9% and between HTI plots was 57,9%. Species diversity at plot level was invariable low in both land use types (values of Shannon Weiner Index ranged only 0.22-0.24). Species with highest encounter frequency and most abundant nests in oil palm plots were Odontomachus sp. and Pheidole sp., while in HTI plots Iridomyrmex sp., Paratrechina longicornis and especially Anoplolepis gracilipes were the dominant species. Average overall nest density was 1000 nests/ha and 1112.5 nests/ha in oil palm plantation and HTI, respectively.Item KELIMPAHAN DAN BIOMASSA CACING TANAH PADA LAHAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU (RTH) DALAM KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS RIAU, PEKANBARU(2014-03-28) Sugianto; Muhammad, Ahmad; WindartiThe campus of Riau University is one of the most important green open spaces (“RTH”) in Pekanbaru. There are four different cover vegetation types in the campus:grass, shrub, single tree and trees. The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of different cover vegetation types on earthworm abundance and biomass and to analyze how underground factors influenced earthworm abundance and biomass in green open space. This study had been conducted from March-June 2013 within the campus of Riau University. Earthworm sampling was taken in 20 randomly-selected plots under each type of cover vegetation using a steel frame measuring 25 cm x 25 cm x 15 cm to a depth of 30 cm below the soil surface. The earthworms were counted and weighed alive. Environmental conditions in each plot were characterized by measuring soil temperature, soil water content, soil bulk density, root biomass, soil pH and soil texture. Results showed that cover vegetation type significantly influenced earthworms abundance and biomass (P<0.05). Earthworms were most abundant and had the largest biomass under trees (141.65 individuals/m2 and 40.99 g/m2). They were least abundant under shrub (75.20 individuals/m2) and had the smallest biomass under grass (12.83 g/m2). Results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that soil pH gave the strongest influence on earthworm abundance and biomass compared to other underground factors under consideration in the campus of Riau University.Item Kerusakan Hutan Rawa Gambut Di Cagar Biosper Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Dan Optimalisasi Pemulihan Melalui Rekayasa Kemampuan Regenerasi Alaminya(2015-07-07) Gunawan, Haris; Muhammad, AhmadSebagian besar hutan rawa gambut di Indonesia mengalami penyusutan dari tahun ke tahun (Mirmanto dan Polosokan, 1999, Wahyunto et al, 2005). Di Propinsi Riau sendiri hutan rawa gambut telah mengalami penyusutan dari tahun 1982-2007 tercatat hutan alam seluas 4.166.381 ha atau 65% hilang dan 1.831.193 ha atau 57% merupakan hutan rawa gambut (Uryu etal, 2008). Sedangkan penyusutan lahan gambut berdasarkan tingkat ketebalan adalah Lahan gambut dengan ketebalan sangat dalam (kubah gambut) yang semula (1990) seluas 2,07 juta ha (51,1%) telah menyusut menjadi 1,61 juta ha (39,7%), sedangkan lahan gambut dengan ketebalan sedang yang semula luasnya 1,32 juta (32,8%), kini tinggal menjadi 0,952 juta ha (23.5%) atau menyusut sekitar 372.000 ha (Wahyunto et al, 2005). Dari hasil penafeiran citra landsat 7 ETM tahun 2007 kawasan rawa gambut yang relatif masih utuh di Propinsi Riau yaitu 1.330.012 ha (KLH, 2009). Hutan rawa gambut di Riau tersebar pada lima bentang alam yang masih relatif utuh, yaitu (1) Bentang alam Senepis, (2) Bentang alam Glam Siak Kecil- Bukit Batu, (3) Bentang alam Semenanjung Kampar, (4) Bentang alam Libo, dan (5) Bentang alam Kerumutan (Uryu et.al, 2008). Bentang alam Giam Siak Kecil- Bukit Batu telah ditetapkan sebagai warisan dunia atau Cagar Biosfer di tahun 2009 (Sinar Mas Forestry, 2009).Item KERUSAKAN HUTAN RAWA GAMBUT DI GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU DAN OPTIMALISASI PEMULIHAN MELALUI REKAYASA KEMAMPUAN REGENERASI ALAMINYA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Muhammad, Ahmad; Melda, Lusi; Riana, EfaTelah dilakukan penelitian diberbagai kondisi hutan rawa gambut di Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan bulan Desember 2009. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah: (1) menginventarisasi kondisi tutupan dan tipe vegetasi hutan alam yang tersisa, (2) memahami kerusakan ditinjau dari perubahan komposisi, struktur dan kelimpahan individu diberbagai komunitas vegetasi penyusun hutan rawa gambut, (3) memahami dinamika regenerasi, (4) menentukan status dan pola regenerasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode analisis vegetasi tanpa petak (Potless Analysis Method) dan metode analisis vegetasi dengan petak (Plot Analysis Method). Hutan rawa gambut digolongkan menjadi ; hutan rawa gambut sekunder dan hutan belukar, hutan rawa gambut alami (Pristine Forest). Kekayaan dan keanekaragaman jenis tertinggi pada hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan (logged over forest). Keanekaragaman jenis terendah di hutan bekas terbakar. Status regenerasi digolongkan menjadi dua, yaitu baik dan cukup. Regenerasi baik terdapat pada lokasi hutan bekas terbakar, hutan logged over over 1 25x25 m dan hutan logged over 2.20x20m. Sedangkan regenerasi cukup pada hutan rawa gambut terganggu angin dan hutan rawa gambut alami (pristine forest). Pola regenerasi yang sama, terutama antara regenerasi alami dengan baik yaitu Camnosperma brevipetiolata Vol, Mangivera parvifolia, Shorea teysmaniana, Ilex macrophylla, Mangifera longipetiolata King, Eugenia setosa King, Palaquium sumatranum, dan Tectroctomia tetranda Crab.Item LAJU DEKOMPOSISI SERASAH DALAM DUA SISTEM BUDIDAYA KARET PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN RIMBO PANJANG, RIAU(2013-03-04) Anggrini, Maimona; Muhammad, Ahmad; Fatonah, SitiThis study focused on two smallholder rubber systems in Riau, i.e. “rubber jungle” and “rubber garden,” which have contrasting vegetative structure. Owing to the absence of weeding, rubber jungle may become as dense as 1100-1200 trees/ha, consisting of around 28.80% non-rubber trees. In rubber garden, stand density is retained at usually 500-600 trees/ha and as monospecific stands. Such differences have been suspected to affect decomposition process beneath each system. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the rate of litter decomposition and nutrient changes in rubber forest and rubber garden. This research has been done throughout the period of February-August 2012 (180 days) on a peatland area situated at Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Regency, Riau. Dried naturally-fallen rubber leaves were used as litter, which was exposed to field conditions in nylon litter bags. In both rubber growing systems, litter rapidly lost substantial amount of its mass (averagely 34.59%) during the first 30 days, but the decomposition slowed down thereafter until the end of the experiment on the 180th day, where the average remaining litter mass was 43.13% of the initial mass. Litter decomposition rate in earlier phase was 1.16%/day and slowed down to 0.32%/day to the 180th day. C/N ratio declined through time, starting from 40.41 to 27.42. P content did not change much through time, while K fluctuated slightly. In contrast, Ca increased in earlier phase to the middle of decomposition process and decreased afterwards. Mg decreased though timeItem LAJU PRODUKSI SERASAH DALAM DUA SISTEM BUDIDAYA KARET PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI KAWASAN RIMBO PANJANG, RIAU(2013-03-04) Nanda, Fristya; Muhammad, Ahmad; Fatonah, SitiThe contrasting difference in the vegetation structure of two smallholder rubber growing systems, namely “rubber jungle” and “rubber garden,” has been suspected to affect nutrient cycling in both systems. In this study, we focused on litter production, which roughly reflects the rate of nutrient return to the soil. The objective of the present study has been to assess litter production and composition in both types of rubber growing systems. Our study sites were situated in a peatland area at Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Regency, Riau, where we selected four rubber jungle plots and four rubber garden. Three litter traps (each 1 x 1 x 1 m) were systematically set up beneath rubber stands in a regular interval of 30 m within each selected plot. Trapped litter was collected weekly for 26 consecutive weeks between February and August 2012. Litter samples were dried up to their constant dry weight before weighing and analyzed after their components (leaves, flower and fruits, others). They were also analyzed on a monthly basis for their contents of C, N, P, K Ca, and Mg. In both systems, litter production was strongly correlated with monthly rainfall volume (r2= 0.91 and 0.95in rubber jungle and rubber garden, respectively). Litter production rate was 71.56 g/m2/month or 8587,2 kg/ha/yr in rubber jungle and 65.36 g/m2/month or 7843,2 kg/ha/yr in rubber garden. There was, however, no significant difference between them. Litter averagely consisted of about 60% leaves, 7% flowers and fruits, and 33% other components. Leaf mass varied significantly between rubber jungle and rubber garden, while the mass of flowers and fruits and other components did not. Leaf mass also fluctuated following rainfall, which peaking in March and July. Flower and fruit mass increased from February to August, while the mass of other components decreased during the same period. C/N ratio in litter of both systems influenced by rainfall, in which litter produced during wetter months had slightly smaller C/N ratio, but the correlation between both variables was insignificant. Through litter production trees in both rubber growing systems returned N, P, K, Ca and Mg with the average rate of 125.05 kg/ha/yr, 9.94 kg/ha/yr, 29.71 kg/ha/yr, 77.99 kg/ha/yr and 29.88 kg/ha/yr, respectivelyItem PERANAN MAKROFIT AIR Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle SEBAGAI PENYUMBANG OKSIGEN DI AIR GAMBUT PADA BEBERAPA TINGKAT BIOMASA DAN CAHAYA(2019-11) Fatonah, Siti; Muhammad, Ahmad; Zega, Shinta Ariani; Saputri, Dwijowati AsihHydrilla verticillata are found in freshwater and peat waters. Light absorbed by macrophytes can be reduced because of suspended particles and the presence of shade from plants that are around the waters. The density of H. verticillata varies depending on environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the role of H. verticillata (L. f.) Royle water macrophytes as a contributor of oxygen in peat waters at various levels of H. verticillata and light densities. The study was conducted ex situ, by planting macrophytes in peat and fresh water in plastic containers under open and shade conditions. The research was Randomized Complete Block Design. H. Verticillata biomass, consisting of four levels, namely 0 g (without plants), 30 g (30% Hydrilla macrophytic closure for each volume of 5.5 liters), 60g (60%) and 90g (90%). The results showed that the content of dissolved oxygen in peat water was lower than that of fresh water. The presence of shade in peat or fresh water decreases the dissolved oxygen content. High increases in macrophytic biomass (60 and 90% closure) do not significantly increase DO. The presence of Hydrilla verticillata in peat water in open conditions can contribute dissolved oxygen around 0.93 to 1.38 mg / l with an increase percentage of 28 to 42%. In the shade conditions, the presence of H verticyllata macrophytes in peat water can contribute about 0.67 to 0.83 mg / l of dissolved oxygen with a percentage increase of 27 to 36% during the day. DO diurnal DO fluctuations occur in the morning (8:00), afternoon (12.00) and evening (16.00), with the highest DO content during the day.Item POLA AKTIVITAS HARIAN LEBAH KELULUT (Tetrigona apicalis) DALAM PEMELIHARAAN DI DESA TANJUNG SARI, KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI(Elfitra, 2023-03) Anggraini, Novia; Muhammad, AhmadThe productivity of stingless bees (kelulut) can be indicated from the high activity carried out by kelulut bees (Tetrigona apicalis). In carrying out flying activities, it is suspected that kelulut bees are influenced by environmental factors, one of which is the microclimatic conditions (air temperature and humidity). This research was carried out in Tanjung Sari Village, which is in the Meranti Islands Regency, Riau Province. Observations were made on 18 colonies which were divided into three categories of colonies namely "Productive," "Less productive," and "Not productive" for three consecutive days every hour from 06.00 am to 18.00 pm. The results showed the activity of the kelulut bees was recorded to increase in the temperature range of 24-30 ℃ and the humidity range of 80-95% but at temperatures above 30 ℃ and the humidity below 80% the activity of the kelulut bees decreased, this indicates that the activity of the kelulut bees is influenced by environmental conditions, especially air temperature and air humidity.Item PREFERENSI LIPAS KAYU (Panesthia angustipennis angustipennis) TERHADAP KAYU AKASIA (Acacia crassicarpa) DENGAN TINGKAT LAPUK BERBEDA(2016-01-26) Hawari, Sinta Yulia; Muhammad, Ahmad; Salbiah, DesitaWood-feeding cockroach (Panesthia angustipennis angustipennis, Blaberidae, Blattodea) is frequentlyencounteredin decaying wood in acacia (Acacia crassicarpa) plantation forests on peatlands. The consumption and maceration of wood by this insect potentially enhance nutrient cycling in this plantation system. Preliminary observations under field conditions indicated that the roach preferred wood of certain decay levels. This study was conducted to elucidate the roach’s preference of acacia wood at varying decay levels. Experiment has been carried out in the laboratory using adult insects, whichwere caged individually and offered either a wood bait, either one of four decay levels (TL-I, TL-II, TL-III, and TL-IV). The baits had mass/volume ratiovarying between 0,44 g/cm3 s/d 0,24 g/ cm3 corresponding to the decay level, while the average humidity of the wood was 56,16%. Observations were conducted every 7 days for 70 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, wood bait TL-IV underwent significantly larger mass reduction(47,12%) than wood bait TL-I, TL and TL-II-III (averagely only about 8,43%). The mass reduction in wood bait TL-IV was caused by consumption (14,42%) and maceration (32,70%).Item PREVALENSI EKTOPARASIT PADA POPULASI ANJING PELIHARAAN (Canis lupus familiaris) DI KOTA PAYAKUMBUH(2016-01-28) Nalitha, Faradisa Firsty; Mahatma, Radith; Muhammad, AhmadThe close relationship between domestic dogs and man implies the importance of the health care of the pets. One of the parameters of dog’s health is the presence of ectoparasites. Payakumbuh is a town in West Sumatra, where the dog keeping is very popular among the residents. The present study aimed to know ectoparasite species found in the domestic dog population at this town and assess their prevalence in the population. It also attempted to obtain indications of the influence of dog’s race, sex and raising conditions on ectoparasite prevalence. A total of 50 domestic dogs were examined and the presence of ectoparasites was demonstrated in 44% of the dogs with an intensity of 3,6 ectoparasite individuals/dog. Only two ectoparasite species were found, i.e. Ctenocephalides canis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The prevalence of the former was more dominant (38%) then that of the later (6%). It appeared that the dog’s vulnerability to ectoparasites was more influenced by raising conditions than by the race, sex, and age of the animal