Browsing by Author "Gunawan, Haris"
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Item AKUMULASI BIOMASSA DAN KARBON TERSIMPAN PADA EKOSISTEM MANGROVE YANG TERDEGRADASI DI DESA TANJUNG LEBAN, BENGKALIS(2016-10-12) Pratama, Arie; Khairijon; Gunawan, HarisMangrove forest is a forest that occur in coastal area that influenced by the tide and can absorb a large carbon stocks. Biomass produced by mangrove ecosystem is higher than tropical forest ecosystems. The condition of mangrove forest ecosystem has decreased due to human activities. This research aimed to estimate the total biomass and carbon on the surface of mangrove forest ecosystem that have been degraded in Tanjung Leban, Bengkalis. The research used survey method with observed parameters were temperature, pH, and salinity. In this study, two locations were studied, with three transects each location. For each transect, five plot (20 x 20 m) were made. A total of five species were found in study, i.e.Brugueira cilindrica, Rhizopora apiculata, Rhizopora mucronata, Avicennia marina, and Xilocarpus granatum. The vegetation was dominated by Rhizopora mucronata with a density of 455 individu/ha. The result showed that the highest total biomass and carbon stock was found in the location 1 with a value of 52.85508 ton/ha and 26.427538 ton/ha. The lowest total biomass and carbon stock was found in location 2 with a value of 0,571336 ton/ha and 0,285668 ton/ha. Biomass and carbon stocks are influenced by soil physico-chemical parameter, the diameter and density of trees. If the value of physical-chemical soil parameters obtained was higher, the value of biomass and carbon stocks generated was also higher.Item BIODIVERSITY AND CARBON STORAGE IN THE TROPICAL PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, SUMATRA INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe Gi am Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve covers a total area of 698,663 ha. It is unique because 75% of its total area is covered by peatland. Poor management and land conversion, however, resulted in a loss of almost 300,000 ha of natural peat swamp forest from 1998 to 2002. Moreover, forest fires occur annually, especially in the dry season due to draining for agriculture as well as illegal logging activities. In this study, we characterized the peat swamp forest ecology and assessed natural regeneration processes. Next, we clarified the amount of above and below ground carbon in various land uses. Then we conducted rehabilitation activities of degraded logged-over forest using tree species endemic in the area and which have economic importance to the local community. Mixed Peat Swamp Forest and Bintangur Forest, which have distinct dominant species, floristic composition, diversity, and local environment characteristics, were identified as the main forest types in the biosphere reserve Our measurement of above and below carbon show varying amounts of above carbon storage under different forest land uses. In particular, our measurement of below carbon is generally higher compared to other earlier studies conducted in other peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia. Our initial rehabilitation efforts demonstrate that some indigenous species of peat swamp forests (i.e., Cratoxylom arborescens, Dyera lowii, Callophyliim lown, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii and Tetramerisla glabra) have good potential to improve both ecosystem services as well as provide timber and non timber forest products for local communities. Based on our study, we proposed a sustainable management model of the Biosphere ReserveItem CURRENT SITUATION OF PEATSWAMP ECOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN RIAU PROVINCE, SUMATRA-INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, HarisLowland peatswamp ecosystems are the largest among the major forest formations of Riau Province. This Province, located in Sumatra island, still remained the large blocks five of natural peatswamp ecosystem. One of them, officially declared to become the world heritage in May 2009, is Giam Siak Kccil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve. For the future those of peatswamp ecosystem remnants will be considered to get more advantages through trade carbon mechanism. Moreover this fragile ecosystem is vitally linked to environmental and conservation issues, as well as its economic value for human survival. Their unique ecological features, as well as logistical difficulties in accessing and utilizing peatswamps, have not, however, deterred exploitation. Overlapping land use between protected areas and developed areas has appeared. Most of the natural peatswamp ecosystem has been converted to oil palm and acacia plantation. Even though the development on peatswamp ecosystem has brought in a lot of profit, but the effect of development has also brought the degraded environment as the results of poor management and ignore the ecological characteristic of these ecosystem. Conversion of large amount of land has had a dramatic impact on environment not only of the local area, but also of the regions surrounding the land globally. The changes have resulted in the detrimental development of peatswamp and huge degradation of the natural resources particularly the forest. Ecological information is needed urgently by decision-makers and land-owners, who may be contemplating conversion of natural peatswamp ecosystems to other land uses, to improve the conservation policy and best management practices for the wise use of this ecosystem. The paper provides an overview of peatswamp ecology with recommendations for avoiding or reducing potential ecological impacts associated with peatswamp development in this area, including to give more pay attention on a policy of being proposed moratorium or conducting careful principle on managing peatswamp towards a balance of economic endeavor and natural dynamics of Riau's peat swamp. The development should be equal to its restoration and conservation issues as well.Item DISTRIBUSI DAN KELIMPAHAN KOMUNITAS GASTROPODA PADA EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI KECAMATAN MERBAU KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI(2016-01-28) Maharani, Dewi; Gunawan, Haris; TitrawaniMangrove is a habitat for many species of flora and fauna one of them, is the gastropods. Changes in ecosystem condition is thought to affect the existence of species of gastropods. This study aims to determine the distribution and abundance of gastropod communities and analyze the effect of different mangrove zonation on the distribution and abundance of Gastropods communities in two different locations. This study was conducted from November to December 2014 in two different mangrove areas, ie. natural mangrove and rehabilitation-mangrove area, of Merbau District, Meranti Islands Regency. The method used in this research was survey method. Sampling was conducted only one period, during low tide, using 10m x 10m plot which includes five 1m x 1m subplot. There were 6 and 5 families of Gastropod species found in the natural mangrove and rehabilitation-mangrove area of Merbau District. Analysis data showed that the distribution of gastropods for both observation stations was spreading evenly. Gastropod species richness was highest on the first zonation (Avicennia spp.) with the abundance of Cerithidea obtusa 74 ind. / m2 and the lowest in the second zonation (Rhizophora spp.) with the abundance of Nerita furniculata 0.6 ind / m2. The test of 2 x 3 contingency showed the presence of a significant effect on the distribution and abundance of gastropods.Item ENHANCED PROCESSES OF NATURAL REGENERATION ON DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, SUMATRA INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuRegeneration is key to the existence of species in a community. It is also a critical component of forest management because regeneration maintains the desired species composition and stocking after biotic and abiotic disturbances. Study was carried out in Riau Biosphere Reserve in which around 75% of areas covered by peatland. Total sampling plot was 3 ha. We laid 144 subplot of 2x2 m for assessing natural regeneration in logged over forest and wind-burnt disturbed forest. Palaquium sumatranum and Calophylum lowii are both important upper-storey species in the Sumatran peat swamp forest vegetation community. Therefore, the regeneration of these species should promote similar species dominance in disturbed forest areas in the future. Regeneration is very important for improving the condition of disturbed peat swamp forest areas in the Riau Biosphere Reserve, but natural regeneration will not be sufficient to restore the forest vegetation and conserve the associated biodiversity. Some form of human-assisted accelerated regeneration will be needed, such as restoring of typical canopy species that have problems with establishment. The preliminary results indicate that some species of Cratoxylon arborescens, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Tetramerista glabra were promising species for rehabilitating degraded peat swamp forest areas shown by high survival rates in the range of 73.3 to 100%. The greatest growth performance are Cratoxylon arborescens, then followed by Tetramerista glabra. Enhanced processes of natural regeneration by restoring degaraded peat swamp forest should promote ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration potential and conservation) and rural livelihoodsItem Kerusakan Hutan Rawa Gambut Di Cagar Biosper Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Dan Optimalisasi Pemulihan Melalui Rekayasa Kemampuan Regenerasi Alaminya(2015-07-07) Gunawan, Haris; Muhammad, AhmadSebagian besar hutan rawa gambut di Indonesia mengalami penyusutan dari tahun ke tahun (Mirmanto dan Polosokan, 1999, Wahyunto et al, 2005). Di Propinsi Riau sendiri hutan rawa gambut telah mengalami penyusutan dari tahun 1982-2007 tercatat hutan alam seluas 4.166.381 ha atau 65% hilang dan 1.831.193 ha atau 57% merupakan hutan rawa gambut (Uryu etal, 2008). Sedangkan penyusutan lahan gambut berdasarkan tingkat ketebalan adalah Lahan gambut dengan ketebalan sangat dalam (kubah gambut) yang semula (1990) seluas 2,07 juta ha (51,1%) telah menyusut menjadi 1,61 juta ha (39,7%), sedangkan lahan gambut dengan ketebalan sedang yang semula luasnya 1,32 juta (32,8%), kini tinggal menjadi 0,952 juta ha (23.5%) atau menyusut sekitar 372.000 ha (Wahyunto et al, 2005). Dari hasil penafeiran citra landsat 7 ETM tahun 2007 kawasan rawa gambut yang relatif masih utuh di Propinsi Riau yaitu 1.330.012 ha (KLH, 2009). Hutan rawa gambut di Riau tersebar pada lima bentang alam yang masih relatif utuh, yaitu (1) Bentang alam Senepis, (2) Bentang alam Glam Siak Kecil- Bukit Batu, (3) Bentang alam Semenanjung Kampar, (4) Bentang alam Libo, dan (5) Bentang alam Kerumutan (Uryu et.al, 2008). Bentang alam Giam Siak Kecil- Bukit Batu telah ditetapkan sebagai warisan dunia atau Cagar Biosfer di tahun 2009 (Sinar Mas Forestry, 2009).Item KERUSAKAN HUTAN RAWA GAMBUT DI GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU DAN OPTIMALISASI PEMULIHAN MELALUI REKAYASA KEMAMPUAN REGENERASI ALAMINYA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Muhammad, Ahmad; Melda, Lusi; Riana, EfaTelah dilakukan penelitian diberbagai kondisi hutan rawa gambut di Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan bulan Desember 2009. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah: (1) menginventarisasi kondisi tutupan dan tipe vegetasi hutan alam yang tersisa, (2) memahami kerusakan ditinjau dari perubahan komposisi, struktur dan kelimpahan individu diberbagai komunitas vegetasi penyusun hutan rawa gambut, (3) memahami dinamika regenerasi, (4) menentukan status dan pola regenerasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode analisis vegetasi tanpa petak (Potless Analysis Method) dan metode analisis vegetasi dengan petak (Plot Analysis Method). Hutan rawa gambut digolongkan menjadi ; hutan rawa gambut sekunder dan hutan belukar, hutan rawa gambut alami (Pristine Forest). Kekayaan dan keanekaragaman jenis tertinggi pada hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan (logged over forest). Keanekaragaman jenis terendah di hutan bekas terbakar. Status regenerasi digolongkan menjadi dua, yaitu baik dan cukup. Regenerasi baik terdapat pada lokasi hutan bekas terbakar, hutan logged over over 1 25x25 m dan hutan logged over 2.20x20m. Sedangkan regenerasi cukup pada hutan rawa gambut terganggu angin dan hutan rawa gambut alami (pristine forest). Pola regenerasi yang sama, terutama antara regenerasi alami dengan baik yaitu Camnosperma brevipetiolata Vol, Mangivera parvifolia, Shorea teysmaniana, Ilex macrophylla, Mangifera longipetiolata King, Eugenia setosa King, Palaquium sumatranum, dan Tectroctomia tetranda Crab.Item PEAT SWAMP FORESTS AND CARBON STORAGE IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE: WITH INITIAL RESULT FROM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe Riau Biosphere Reserve covers a total area of 698,663 ha and was established in 2009 as an effort to conserve tropical peatlands and promote sustainable development. This study highlights remaining natural peat swamp forest have distinct forest type formations, high biodiversity and stores a huge amount of above-below carbon need to be conserved. Above-ground biomass and carbon storage are highly influenced by forest cover. Below ground stored carbon is different in each land use, even if these land use have already changed from forest to agriculture. Multipurpose tree species was used in restoration. All methods of propagation were applied to ensure continuous supply of seedlings such as wildings, cuttings, and seeds. In general, survival rate of seedlings decrease after ten month planted. We planted tree species which have both economic values (i.e. timber and non-timber forest products) and ecosystem services values such as Dyera lowii, Tetramerista glabra, Callophylum lowii, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Cratoxylon arborescens. More than their potential to generate income from carbon storage and other ecosystem services.Item PEATLAND RESTORATION IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, HarisThere are many reasons that we should do restoration in peatland in Riau Biosphere Reserve From study show that large logged over forest areas, make the dry peat land to wet, need to re-establishing canopy species that produce non timber forest product, low regeneration capability of certain typical canopy tree species, selecting suitable tree species, develop ways to produce seedlings, and how to develop organizations at the village level that will encourage them to plant the trees wi l l ingly Restoration experiment was carried out in degraded peat swamp forest ecosystem in Bukit Bam Wild Life Reserve and Tanning Leban village of Riau Biosphere Reserve started from June 2010 Establishing nursery in the forest areas and village was targeted to get seedlings materials We encouraged continuously local community to involve in restoration activities Encouraging institution in village level, such as Kelompok Masyarakat Peduh Hilton (KMPH) Temiang Village and Kelompok Masyarakat Lestan Hutan Gambut (KV1LHG) Tanning Leban Village will be the key processes in achieving sustainable restoration of degraded peatland ecosystem in Riau Biosphere Reserve Cratoxylon arborescens, Dyera lowii, Callophyllum lowii. Palaquium burckn and Tetramensta glabra are promising species to be used restoration in degraded peatland.Item POTENTIAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, RIAU, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuRehabilitation commenced in February 2010 in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve which covers a total area of 698,663 ha. This paper highlighted research progress on rehabilitation of degraded logged over peat swamp forests, and estimation amount of sequestered carbon after ten months vegetation rehabilitation was done. Line and gap planting methods were applied. The following lands of planting were applied normal and hill planting methods. For monitoring biomass and carbon five plots of 10x10m were selected. Tree species with DBH>3cm were identified and recorded. We used diameter increment of species planted to estimate increment of biomass, carbon storage and carbon sequestration. The allometric equation was used: Y=-2.13+2.53*ln DBH; where Y is total above-ground biomass in Kg/Mg ha-1 and DBH is in cm. The carbon content was calculated by multiplying the 0.5 conversion factor to the above ground biomass. The results indicate that some species of Cratoxylon arborescens, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Tetramerista glabra were promising species for rehabilitating degraded peat swamp forest areas shown by high survival rates in the range of 73.3 to 100%. The greatest growth performance are Cratoxylon arborescens, then followed by Tetramerista glabra. Biomass increased from 2.94 Kg ha1 to 28.9 Kg ha-1, and carbon storage increased from 1.55 Kg C ha-1 to 14.5 Kg C ha-1 with total carbon storage 12.5 Kg C ha-1 in experimental sites. The forest recovery through natural regeneration processes contributed in sequestrating carbon of 0.34 Mg C ha-1 during ten months monitoring. In the say direction, there was an increasing in biomass from 3.88 Mg ha-1 to 4.57 Mg ha-1 and carbon storage of 1.99 Mg C ha-1 to 2.28 Mg C ha-1. The total amount of carbon sequestration was 0.35 Mg C ha-1 in both experimental sites and forested areas. Rehabilitation through planting trees and natural regeneration processes are important in order to restore carbon storage of remaining peat swamp forests in biosphere reserve.Item PROGRESS ON RESTORATION EXPERIMENTS OF DEGRADED PEATSWAMP FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN THE GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, RIAU, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuRestoration study was started on the earlier 2000 in Riau Biosphere Reserve. We concluded reasons that restoration should be important to be done in biosphere reserve; 1) large degraded peatland and forest areas due to high fire intensity, poor canal drainage and illegal logging activities, 2) forest encroachment and conversion, 3) problem sustainable livelihoods for local communities and environmental services functions, and 4) the important rehabilitation of carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks. We selected two different locations. First, forest degradation was caused by illegal logging activities and forest encroachment with extent 179,000 ha of totally core area and second, peatland degradation due to severe fire yearly and poor water management in transition areas with extent 304,000 ha. The achievement indicators of restoration study are wildings and seed germination are better method to provide seedlings stocks. The vigorous regeneration performance of Callophyllum lowii, Palaquium sumatranum and some of sub storey tree species can be promoted to accelerate vegetation recovery processes in different forest types and degradation in the biosphere reserve. Cratoxylon arborescens, Palaquium sumatranum, Callophyllum lowii and Tetramerista glabra indicated promising species on vegetation rehabilitation efforts in the biosphere reserve shown by high survival rate ranges 57.14%-100%. Our results confirm that vegetation rehabilitation assisted by natural regeneration processes, has a great potential to sequester carbon in Bukit Batu Forest Block. Most of respondents or 94% of totally respondents are well perception on forest restoration. Forest values and restoration are important for them. In future detailed plan of restoration is important to be discussed, i.e. how to promote institutional framework collaboration, local community involvement and economic incentive, and carbon payment mechanism under REDD+ schemes or other sources of innovative financial mechanism such as the Global Peatland Fund (GPF). Restoration is still going on; transplanting seedlings, tree growth, biomass and carbon increment monitoring, and establishing more canal block will be done in next field studyItem REESTABLISHING TYPICAL TREE SPECIES OF PEAT SWAMP FORESTS THROUGH RESTORATION EXPERIMENTS AND LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN RIAU’S BIOSPHERE RESERVE, INDONESIA(2014-05-22) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe study was carried out in the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, which covers a total area of 698,663 ha. Land conversion and poor management had resulted in a loss of almost 300,000 ha of natural peat swamp forest during 1998 to 2002. Illegal logging activities and natural disturbances occurred continuously. Forest and land fires occurred annually, especially in the dry season. Villagers converted the remaining natural peat swamp forest into jungle rubber gardens and oil palm plantations. Fragile and very unique ecosystem, continuously converted natural sites, large degraded peat swamp forests, poor natural regeneration performance are some of these factors that will influence efforts to promote sustainable management of peat swamp forest ecosystem in this Biosphere. Therefore integrated study combined human aspect assessment and ecology are important to be done. The objective of study was (1) to re-establish typical tree species of peat swamp forest, (2) to determine a mechanism or direction in order to local people and wider stakeholders involvement, and (3) to strengthen an efforts to promote sustainable management model of peat swamp forest in Riau’s Biosphere Reserve landscape. Restoration experiment was done in two different levels of forest and peatland degradation in the Bukit Batu conservation areas of Temiang Village and Tanjung Leban Village. Natural regeneration is an option for a faster recovery of forest vegetation after any disturbance. In the case of typical canopy species that could hardly undergo natural regeneration, some form of human-assisted regeneration is needed. Restoration targets the areas that could hardly undergo natural regeneration and would need human intervention such as planting. In general, survival rate of seedlings decrease after ten month planted. We planted tree species which have both economic values (i.e. timber and non-timber forest products) and ecosystem services values such as Dyera lowii, Tetramerista glabra, Callophylum lowii, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Cratoxylon arborescens. More than their potential to generate income from carbon storage and other ecosystem services. Preliminary results show that the greatest performance of trees planted is Cratoxylon arborescens followed Tetramerista glabra. Given the high cost in restoring ecosystem, financing is crucial and a way forward is to optimize and promote various sources; domestics (e.g., Village Conservation Model, Biovillage and GERHAN= The Indonesian Movement of Forest and Land Rehabilitation mechanism) and even international (e.g. REDD+) and CSR schemes. All support should help establish a management model that the local community could do and support continuously.Item RESTORATION ON DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN RIAU, EAST-SUMATRA, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe first step of restoration study was carried out in degraded peat swamp forest ecosystem in Bukit Batu Forest Block and Tanjung Leban village of Riau Biosphere Reserve started in June 2010 until now. The land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) on this ecosystem leads to a loss of carbon, biodiversity and hydrology buffers functions. To address these problems, restoration are urgently required. In case of biosphere reserve, we conclude reasons that restoration should be important to be done; (1) Large degraded peatland and forest areas due to high fire intensity, drainage and illegal logging activities. (2) Forest encroachment and conversion, (3) Problem on natural regeneration processes, (4) Need to promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities and bio-resources conservation, and (4) the important rehabilitation of carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks. The objective of study: 1) vegetation rehabilitation and restoration of hydrology, 2) promotion of sustainable livelihoods for local communities and bio-resources conservation, e.g. using multi purpose tree species, e.g. timber forest product (TFP) and non timber forest product (NTFP), 3) rehabilitation of carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks, 4) discussions for innovative financial mechanism, e.g. REDD+, multi donor thrust fund, and private sector taxes (CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility).Item STRUKTUR VEGETASI EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI KECAMATAN MERBAU KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI(2016-01-26) Hidayati, Mira; Gunawan, Haris; Isda, Mayta NovalizaThis research aimed to determine the vegetation structure of natural and rehabilitated mangrove and to analyze the differences of mangrove vegetation structure between natural and rehabilitated areas. This research was conducted during the period of November to December 2014 in Merbau Meranti Island at two different locations. This research used survey method and the primary data was collected from the field. The sample collection used 10 x 10 m nested plot. A total of eight mangrove species were found in this research that belong to four families (Rhizoporaceae, Avicenniaceae, Sonneratiaceae, Arecaceae). Rhizoporaceae consists of Rhizopora apiculata, Rhizopora mucronata, Rhizopora stylosa and Bruguiera sp. Avicenniaceae consists of Avicennia marina and Avicennia alba. Sonneratiaceae consists of Sonneratia sp., while Arecaceae consists of Nypa fruticans. In natural mangrove area, the highest INP was found in Rhizopora apiculata at level of saplings (INP : 73.29%) and at the level pole (INP : 61.91%). In rehabilitated mangrove area, the highest INP was found in Avicennia alba at level of saplings (INP : 80.25%) and Sonneratia sp. and level of pole (INP : 52.51%). The diversity of mangrove vegetation at two study sites are moderate, however rehabilitated mangrove areas are more natural than mangrove area. The results of Tukey test (T test) showed that there were significant differences in the diversity index between natural and rehabilitation mangrove forest. The results showed that replanting mangrove vegetation had considered the suitability of zoning and there were similarity of community vegetation structure. These results indicated that the mangrove forest ecosystems in both sampling sites was in the regeneration phase with the abundance of seedlings and saplings.Item STUDI PERKEMBANGAN PERILAKU ELANG JAWA (Spizaetus bartelsi STRESEMANN 1924) DI PUSAT REHABILITASI SUAKA ELANG, BOGOR(2016-01-26) Nasri; Gunawan, Haris; Yoza, DefriJavan Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi Stresemann 1924) is an endemic raptor which can be found in Java Island, Indonesia. Its population number is continuously decreasing, then we need to conserve this species to keep and increase the number of population in their habitat. The purpose of this research was to know the daily behavior characteristics and to determine behavior development level of Javan Hawk-eagle before being released. This study was conducted from February 2014 and February to March 2015 in Raptor Sanctuary Field Project, Salak Resort, Halimun Salak Mount National Park, Bogor. Method was done by scan sampling and quantitative-descriptive analysis. The data collection was conducted by observing all of the eagle activities in the cage form the behavior characteristics observing were perching behavior, flying, whistling, hunting and ingestion. The time for the observation step was 30 days, 60 days for socializan stage and 7 days habituation stage. During the rehabilitation process, the Javan Hawk-eagle passed through various treatment before being wildly released to nature. The precentage of perching was (41%), flying (6%), whistling (24%), hunting (12%) and ingestion (17%). On the socialization step perching (48%), flying (1%), whistling (48%), hunting (1%) and ingestion (3%) then on habituation step perching (79%), flying (3%), whistling (0%), hunting (3%) and ingestion (14%). The treatment on observation, socialization, and habituation step had increased the hawk abilities, such as flying ability, watching ability and the way in prey catching. The change of behavior development and smilar behavior to the wild can be used as consideration before releasing the Javan Hawk-eagle to its natural habitatItem VEGETASI GULMA PADA EKOSISTEM RAWA GAMBUT DI PERKEBUNAN SAGU (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI, RIAU(2016-10-12) Anjani, Siti Aisyah Nur; Gunawan, Haris; Puspasari, DyahThe presence of weeds potentially interfereswith the growth of crops, especially on sago plantations. The purpose of this research was to find out composition, Index of Similarity and Index of Diversity of weeds in a sago plantation PT. National Sago Prima,Kepulauan Meranti regency, Riau. The research was conducted in January 2016 - April 2016. A quadrat sampling technique was carried out in four different location conditions, sago plantation which were not burned, burned in 2014, burned in 2013and burned in 2012. Size and number of plots were determined by plotting species-area curve. Based on the research results, 25 weed species obtained were classified into 18 families of 4,444 individuals. The results showed that the Index of Similarity of those burned locations had high communities’ similarity, while between the burned locations and locations which were not burned suggested otherwise. Based on Index of Diversity results, the 2014 burned location had the highest diversity of 0,86 and the lowest value of Indexof Diversity was 0,06, found on not burned locationItem VILLAGE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN AT GIAM SIAK KECIL - BUKIT BATU BIOSPHERE RESERVE PEATLAND TOWARDS LIPI CONCEPT OF BIO-VILLAGE(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Edy, Lukman; Hamidah, Luluk NBio-village is a good development concept to accomplish vision - mission of Indonesia’s Long-term (2005-2025) and Medium-term (2010-2014) Development Plan as well as Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) mission, expected to give both short-term and long-term solution in facing area/national issue by developing strategic knowledge. This concept puts human and natural resources as valuable assets used as major capitals to generate the economy of the area. Meanwhile, exploration of Biosphere Reserve Peatland of Giam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu (GSK – BB) Riau results in the finding of Meranti Bakau (Shorea uliginosa Foxw.) as a potential resource for bio-ethanol feedstock, giving high yield of ethanol. Therefore, seedling of Meranti Bakau is needed to guarantee enough supply due to its status as an endangered species. This community empowerment plan toward integrated bio-conservation village concept will be implemented at Temiang Village located in the above biosphere reserve peatland whose peat swamp forest has been damaged even its forest cover has been completely altered. This program will be mainly intended for a community group of conservation forest (KMPH) to take real action by doing activities that have short-term impact to the socio-economic life of the local community (breeding of various local fishes; utilization of Bintangur seed for biodiesel feedstock; and development of forest ecology tourism of peat swamp forest/eco-tourism), and also long-term impact activities (seedling and reintroduction of Meranti Bakau and other rare wood species). This program is expected to strengthen the implementation of Conservation Village Model of Natural Resources Conservation Agency, Ministry of Forestry that fits LIPI Concept of Bio-village in which the area community can maintain and utilize local natural resources continuously while their prosperity increases.