Chemical Engineering

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Biodiesel dari Limbah Ikan Baung (Mystus Nemurus) dengan Katalis Padat H-Zeolit
(2013-08-28) Sartoni, Hadyan; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Biodiesel is an alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from fatty material such as animal fat. A research synthesis of biodiesel from waste fish oil of baung into biodiesel with a solid H-zeolite catalyst. In this research review of physical properties (density, viscosity and acid number), analyzing the chemical content of biodiesel, the influence of the molar ratio of methanol to fish oil baung the percentage of conversion and optimal transesterification catalyst in the transesterification reaction in biodiesel synthesis. 50 grams of fish oil, versus 1:6 methanol to oil molar, catalyst 10% of the weight of oil input into the biodiesel reactor and then the process of biodiesel synthesis performed on the operating conditions of 60 ° C temperature and stirring speed of 200 rpm for 200 minutes. The results showed that the optimum conversion catalyst with 10% methanol 1:5 molar ratio that is equal to 87.02%. Physical test results obtained by the density of 890 kg/m3, 5.48 cSt viscosity, acid number 0.7013 mg-koh/gr sample. Results of analysis of chemical constituents by GC-MS, obtained the dominant component in the catalyst biodiesel with 10% methanol 1:5 molar ratio was 51.03% oleic methyl ester, methyl ester palmitic 18.76%, 9.50% linoleic methyl ester, 4.46% stearic acid methyl ester, methyl ester 2.00% elaidic. Results obtained have characteristics approaching the characteristics of biodiesel Indonesian National Standard (SNI).
CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI BIO-OIL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS LEMPUNG DESA CENGAR
(2013-03-21) Manopo, Axl Maya; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
The demand of fossil fuel is increasing each year. On the other hand, the availability of conventional petroleum fuels diminishing due to its non-renewable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new alternative fuel that can be renewed, one of the solution is the processing of biomass into bio-oil. Bio-oil is a result of the pyrolysis of biomass. Availability of abundant palm shell waste is converted into bio-oil by pyrolysis method using clay catalysts Cengar. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the catalyst to produce bio-oil, characterize the density, viscosity, acid number, and flash point of bio-oil that produced, as well as analyze the chemical components of bio-oil by GC-MS. Pyrolysis of palm shells with clay catalyst from Cengar in the reactor slurry do by feeding 50 grams of palm shell with the size -40 +60 mesh, silinap 500 ml, variation in levels of catalyst 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% w/w of the feedstock, stirring speed is set to 300 rpm, 320oC temperature, and the process runs for 120 minutes. The results showed that the optimum yield obtained on 2% clay catalyst, amounting to 72,20%. The test results obtained by the physical properties of density 0,981 g/ml, 98,002 cSt viscosity, acid number of 51.55 gr NaOH/gr sample. The result of chemical analysis by GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components in bio-oil was 10,38% 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, 9,67% Cyclohexane, 10,33% 5,5-dimethyl-2-hexene, and 15,30% Phenol.
Hidrogenasi Pirolisis Cangkang Sawit Menjadi Bio Oil dengan Katalis Ni/ZSM-5
(2013-04-25) Setiawan, Wan Dicky Tri; Sunarno; Bahri Syaiful
Indonesia faced with an energy crisis, estimated the petroleum will be exhausted in 12 years, so its neccesary to found new reserves of petroleum. One of the technology to produce alternative energy is the palm shell into bio-oil conversion with calorific value 24 MJ/Kg. Hydrogenation process can improve the ratio H/C along with calorific value upgrading of bio oil and it’s stability. This study is aimed to determine the effect of catalyst Ni/ZSM-5 percentation to palm shell bio oil yield, as well to determine the effect of hydrogenation pyrolysis on bio oil yield and physical properties. Hydrogenation pyrolysis is conducted at slurry reactor having 50 gr palm shell with 5-10 mm particle size, silinap (280M) 500 mL at temperature of 330oC. Catalyst variation (Ni/ZSM-5) 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5% to palm shell weight, with 1.35 ml/sec of hydrogen flow rate. Using ratio 2.5% Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst having 3% Ni impregnated showed of the highest yield 81.76%. Physical characterization result from bio oil showed that the highest calorific value of 0.5% Ni/ZSM-5 as hydrogenation pyrolisis catalyst is 44.43 MJ/Kg, 0.862 cSt kinematic viscosity, 0.955 gr/ml density, 0.946 specific gravity, 18.035oAPI, 49.3oC flash point and acid value 47.26 gr NaOH/gr sample. Hydrogenation pyrolysis improving bio oil properties, such as increasing calorific value and reducing viscosity, density, acid value, and flash point. GC-MS Analysis showed 1-Bromo-3-Metil-Cyclohexane of 9.16% as the highest chemical compound.
Hidrogenasi Pirolisis Cangkang Sawit Menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Katalis HZSM-5
(2013-06-01) Lamtiur, Asi; Sunarno; Bahri Syaiful
Crude oil is a non renewable fossil fuel resources countinously declining on the other hand its demand for fuel keep increasing so the next few years is expected to experience a shortage of fuel. So it is needed an alternative energy as substitution for crude oil. One alternative way is to convert biomass into bio-oil. Palm shell biomass is one that can be processed into bio-oil through pyrolysis with hydrogenation process using a catalyst HZSM-5. It is expected to produce a bio-oil that approached the quality of the fuel. In this study, biomass, silinap 500 ml, and HZSM-5 catalyst is introduced into the slurry reactor, then flowed gas N2 and H2. at a temperature of 2000C. Variables measured in the study, i.e. biomass size -40 +60 mesh, biomass weight 50 g, stirring speed 300 rpm and flow rate of N2 gas and H2 gas were 80 ml / min. This study is aimed to determine the effect of temperature on the quality of the bio-oil produced. The Optimum yield of bio-oil obtained at 320 ˚C temperature conditions and the ratio of HZSM-5 catalyst and biomass 2% w/w, i.e. 53.664%. Characterization of bio-oil physical properties have given such as calorific value 43.412 MJ / kg; density of 1.042 g / ml; viscosity of 1.3 cSt; flash point of 40 ° C and 56.62 g NaOH / g sample respectively. GC-MS analysis of the results showed various components comprised of the bio-oil, among of them were acetic acid 43.92%, phenol 23.44%, methyl alcohol 14.63%, furancarboxaldehyde 4.65%, and propanoic acid 2.21% respectively.
Hidrogenasi Pyrolysis Cangkang Sawit Menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Katalis ZSM-5
(2013-01-09) Junaidi, Wan; Sunarno; Bahri Syaiful
Fuel crisis caused by rising consumption and declining oil production in Indonesia is a problem that is being faced today. To address the threat of an energy crisis and optimize the potential of energy resources in Indonesia, we need to hold the pace of development of alternative energy that can be renewed. One source of renewable energy that is bio-oil. Bio-oil can be produced through the process of biomass pyrolysis oil palm shell using ZSM-5 catalysts. In this study, pyrolysis process modified by the addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation of pyrolysis), to produce a bio-oil that have the higher heating value. This study aimed to determine the effect of the ratio of ZSM-5 catalysts for bio-oil yield in the hydrogenation of pyrolysis and and to determine the physical and chemical characterization of bio-oil produced. The process of pyrolysis hydrogenation using 50 gram of oil palm shell with sized -40 +60 mesh, 500 ml silinap and stirring speed of 300 rpm. Highest yield (70.21%) obtained by hydrogenation of pyrolysis temperature of 320 0C and ZSM-5 catalysts by about 2.5% by weight of oil palm shells. The results of the characterization of physical properties of the bio-oil obtained by heating value 44.00 MJ / kg, density of 0.972 g / ml, 1.021 cSt viscosity, flash point 49 0C, pH 3.8 and figure acidity 51.51 g NaOH / g bio-oil. GC-MS analysis showed the main content of bio-oil in the form of acetic acid 50.29%, phenol 30.39%, methyl ester 8.19% and ethanol 5.25%. Bio-oil is obtained can be further processed into alternative energy sources substitute of petroleum.
KONVERSI BATANG SAWIT MENJADI BIO OIL DENGAN KATALIS Ni.Mo/LEMPUNG CENGAR
(2013-04-20) Dewi, Dyah Mustika; Bahri Syaiful; Sahan Yusnimar
Petroleum is non-reneweble fuel sources, its production decline gradually, while consumption increase significantly. Therefore it is necessary to find a new alternative energy, such as bio oil from a waste of palm plantation such as stem palm. Stem palm can be converted to bio oil by pyrolysis process using Ni.Mo/Cengar Clay as a catalyst. This research is aimed to determine the ratio effect between weight of catalyst (grams) and sample weight (grams) (0:50; 0,25:50; 0,75:50; 1,25: 50) respectively. In the pyrolysis process is used 500ml silinap 280-M as heating media and temperature 330oC. The maximum yield of bio oil is around 70,54% under ratio catalyst : sample (0,75: 50). Bio oil properties having density of 0,988 g/ml, 10,74 cSt viscosity, flash point 52 0C, and the acidity content 71,34 g NaOH/g sample. Based on GC-MS analysis is found that bio oil contain several organic compounds, such as acids, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, alcohols, ect. It can be concluded that bio oil can be further processed into alternative energy sources instead of petroleum
KONVERSI CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI BIO-OIL DENGAN METODE PYROLISIS MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS CO/LEMPUNG
(2013-01-16) Gapurman; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Bio-oil is a product of pyrolysis of biomass. Biomass conversion research has been done into the palm shell bio-oil by pyrolysis process using metal catalysts with Co content developing of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% w / w of the clays (clays). In this research, testing physical properties (density, viscosity, acid number, and flash point), the analysis of the chemical content of bio-oil, and the developing of the effect of metal Co / clays to yield bio-oil produced. Biomass shell oil 50 grams with a size of -40 +60 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and the catalyst Co / 1.5 gram clay slurry introduced into the reactor, and pyrolysis process performed on the operating conditions of temperature 3200C and stirring speed of 300 rpm with a flow of nitrogen gas (N2) as an inert gas. The results showed that the optimum yield obtained at the level of developing of a metal catalyst Co 1% of the clay that is equal to 56.4%. The test results obtained by the physical properties of density 1.036 g / ml, 11.42 cSt viscosity, acid number of 55.43 g NaOH / g sample, calorific value of 44.706 MJ / kg, and the flash point is 53 º C. Results of analysis of chemical constituents by GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components of bio-oil are Acetic acid 31.87%, 23.70% Glycerol, Methyl acetate 10.42%, 18.88% 3-Butylcyclohexanone, Phenol 4, of 68%. The results obtained have characteristics approaching the characteristics of standard fuel oil and bio-oil.
KONVERSI CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI BIO-OIL DENGAN METODE PYROLYSIS MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS CoMo/MINERAL ALAM (LEMPUNG CENGAR)
(2013-01-17) Wati, Fitri; Bahri Syaiful; Aman
Fuel is a very important energy resource in life, but at the present, crisis of fuel occurred due to the lack of fossil fuel in Indonesia. One way to overcome this case is to develop alternative energy resources, like bio-oil. Bio-oil is produced by pyrolysis of biomass without the presence of oxygen. Biomass used in this research is shell of palm. The purpose of this research is to produce bio-oil as an alternative energy by pyrolysis shell of palm and to explain the effect of CoMo catalyst on yield of bio-oil. Catalyst concentration was varied from 0%, 0.5%, 1% to 1.5% w / w to biomass. Bio-oil formed was analyzed by GCMS and physics tests. 50 grams of biomass shell oil with a size of -60 +40 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and the catalyst CoMo / Clay 1.5 grams introduced into the slurry reactor, and pyrolysis process performed on the operating conditions of temperature 320 oC and stirring speed of 300 rpm with a flow of nitrogen gas (N2) as an inert gas. The results showed that the optimum yield obtained is 50,4 % at the concentration of catalyst CoMo 1.5%. The properties of bio oil produced has density 1.016 kg/m3, viscosity 22.83 cSt, acid value 68.34, flash point 85 oC. From analysis of chemical constituents by GC-MS, bio-oil produced constitutes 5.91% methanol, 2-propanone 2.73%, Acetic acid 54.91%, 17.63% Phenol, Furfural 6.64 %. The results obtained have characteristics approaching the characteristics of standard fuel oil and bio-oil.
Konversi Cangkang Sawit menjadi Bio-oil Menggunakan Katalis Ni.Mo/Lempung Cengar
(2013-07-16) Sandra, Anisa; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
At this time the world experienced an energy crisis. This is due to the high dependence on fossil fuels, petroleum. Petroleum has the non-renewable nature and amount of production decline each year. Therefore, the innovation required to produce an alternative energy,that is bio-oil from biomass such as palm shells. Indonesia, has a vast plantation sector of palm oil. Bio-oil can be produced from palm shell waste through pyrolysis process using a catalyst Ni.Mo / Clay cengar. This study aimed to determine the effect of catalyst ratio Ni.Mo / Clay cengar the bio-oil produced. This pyrolysis used palm shell 50 grams, silinap 500 ml and the weight ratio of catalyst 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% w / w biomass. Bio-oil produced at the optimum catalyst ratio of 0.5% w / w of biomass with yield 40.0%. Results of bio-oil analyzed physics, density 0.9625 g / ml, viscosity 8.99 cSt, flash point 48 ° C, acid value 45.71 g NaOH/ g sample, and heating value 51.47 MJ / kg. GCMS analysis produced chemicals that bio-oil that can be processed further processed into alternative energy sources other than petroleum.
Konversi Kulit Pinus menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Metode Pyrolisis Menggunakan Katalis CoMo/NZA (Natural Zeolit deAluminated)
(2012-10-16) Asril, Defriano; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Pine bark over this is just considered waste that pollutes the environment, pine bark is biomass which can be processed into alternative energy. Through the method of catalytic pyrolisis using the CoMo/NZA expected to convert pine bark as biomass into bio-oil. On the study of biomass pine skin 50 gram with a size of -60+80 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and catalyst CoMo/NZA 1,5 grams are incorporated into the slurry reactors, then pyrolysis process carried out on operating conditions, namely temperature and stirring speed 300 3200C rpm for 120 minutes with a flowing nitrogen gas (N2) as protective gas. The results obtained indicate that the yield obtained at optimum catalyst 1% CoMo/NZA i.e. amounting to 51,7%. Physical properties of test results obtained indicate the density (0,919 gr/ml), the viscosity (8.02 pm cSt), numbers of acidity (17, 78a), flash point (50 0 c) and the heat (44, 04MJ/Kg).Analysis of chemical content of results with GC-MS, the predominant chemical components found in bio-oil is 1-Pentene 13.90%, 2-Pentene 10.65%, 1-Propene, 1-Pentene 9,46% 6,38%, Hexane 6,23%.
PERAN KATALIS Ni/NZA PADA PROSES PYROLYSIS AMPAS UBI KAYU MENJADI BIO-OIL
(2013-01-16) Jefriadi; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Current of national energy problem is the tendency of fossil energy consumption increases. This led to the use of fossil energy is too dominant. Therefore, strategic steps to resolve the nation's energy problems is needed such as renewable energy development, one of which is the processing of biomass into bio-oil by pyrolysis method in the presence of Ni/NZA. The purpose of this research was study the effect of supported of Ni metal levels on NZA on resulting yield, knowing the physical and chemical characteristics of bio-oil. Cassava dregs pyrolysis with Ni/NZA catalyst in pyrolysis reactor with cassava dregs size -60+80 mesh 50 grams with 500 mL silinap and supported of metals with various levels of Ni 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% w/w on NZA with stirring speed of 300 rpm and a temperature of 320 º C for 120 minutes without the presence of oxygen. Yield the greatest value present in 2% of Ni/NZA for 61.87%. Characteristic physical properties that was obtained are density 0,872-0,956 g/mL, acidity 0,053-0,078 g NaOH/g, flash point 44-48 oC, and calorific value 42.55-46.78 MJ kg. For GC-MS results obtained by the dominant chemical components are 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-Pentene; 3,5-dimethyl-Heptane; 1-bromo-3-methyl-Cyclohexane; 3-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-Cyclohexanone.
Pirolisis Pelepah Sawit menjadi Bio-oil menggunakan Katalis Mo/NZA
(2012-12-03) Hutabarat, Besman; Bahri Syaiful
Bio-oil is a product of pyrolysis of biomass. A study that stem palm biomass conversion to bio-oil by pyrolysis process using metal catalysts with Mo content of developing of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/w to NZA. In this research, testing physical properties (density, viscosity, acid number, calorific value and flash point), the analysis of the chemical content of bio-oil, and the developing of the influence of metal Mo/NZA to yield bio-oil produced. Biomass palm midrib 50 grams with a size -40 +60 mesh, silinap 500 ml, and the catalyst Mo/NZA 1.5 grams entered into a slurry reactor, and pyrolysis process performed on the operating conditions of temperature 320 oC and stirring speed of 300 rpm with a flow of nitrogen gas (N2) as an inert gas. The results showed that the optimum yield obtained at the level of developing of a metal catalyst, 1.5% Mo to NZA is equal to 54.7%. The test results obtained by the physical properties of density 0.918 g / ml, 3.091 cSt viscosity, acid number of 55.14 g NaOH / g sample, the heating value of 42.401 MJ / kg, and the flash point is 61 ºC. Results of analysis of chemical constituents by GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components of bio-oil methyl acetate is 3.46%; Acetic acid 57.60%; Furancarboxaldehyde 15.13%; 4-pentyn-2-ol 4.46%; Phenol 15.36%. The results obtained have characteristics approaching the characteristics of standard fuel oil and bio-oil.
Pirolisis Tandan Kosong Sawit menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Katalis HZSM-5 melalui Proses Hidrodeoksigenasi
(2013-04-27) Simorangkir, Dety P.; Sunarno; Bahri Syaiful
Threats of fuel crisis and dependence on fossil fuels is still quite high. For that fact we need an alternative energy to replace crude oil as fuel. An alternative way is on converting biomass into bio-oil. Palm empty fruit bunch biomass is one that can be processed into bio-oil. Through pyrolysis hydrodeoxygenation using HZSM-5 catalyst is expected to produce bio-oil that having quality of the fuel. In this study, biomass, silinap, and HZSM-5 catalyst were introduced into the slurry reactor, having N2 gas flowing and then H2 gas flow is switched at 2000C for replacing N2 gas. Variables measured in this study, were the size of biomass particle ±0.5cm, biomass weight 50 g, stirring speed 300 rpm and flow rate of N2 and H2 gas were 80 ml/min, while the temperature is varied. This variation of temperature is aimed to determine the effect of temperature on the quality and yield of bio-oil produced. Optimum yield of bio-oil is obtained at 3200C having ratio of HZSM-5 catalyst 2% w/w i.e. 55.975%. It has been measured of bio-oil physical properties such as calorific value 42.054 MJ/kg; density 0.996 g/ml; viscosity 1.12 cSt; flash point 38°C and acidity 21.946 g NaOH/g sample, respectively. Based on the GC-MS analysis of the results showed that the component of the bio-oil, among others were acetic acid 45.21%, phenol 23.74%, methyl alcohol 15.33%, furan carboxy aldehyde 4.64%, propanoid acid 2.23%, respectively.
PYROLYSIS CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI BIO-OIL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NI/LEMPUNG
(2012-10-18) Kesuma, Atika Zuharniaty; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
Petroleum is a fossil energy sources that are not renewable (non-renewable) production continues to decline each year. In contrast, the consumption of petroleum products itself is increasing, so need to try an alternative energy. Bio-oil is one of the non-fossil alternative energy solutions that can be used as a substitute for petroleum. Riau has a land area of palm oil and the biggest oil producers in Indonesia. This has an impact on solid waste palm shells are produced. Bio-oil can be produced through the pyrolysis process of biomass shell oil with Ni/clay as catalyst. This study aimed to determine the performance of the Ni/clay catalyst (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% w/w) to yield bio-oil produced and characterize the physical and chemical properties. Pyrolysis shell oil with size -40 +60 mesh as much as 50 grams of weight, the Ni/clay catalyst 1.5 grams and silinap 500 ml was carried out at 320oC. The results showed that the optimum yield obtained on 1% Ni/ clay catalyst, amounting to 68.50%. The test results obtained by the physical properties of density 0.940 g / ml, 9.677 cSt viscosity, acid number 57.021 g NaOH / g sample, calorific value of 44.609 MJ / kg, and the flash point is 51 ºC. The results of chemical analysis by GC-MS, obtained the dominant chemical components in bio-oil was 30.49% Phenol, 1.52% 2-propanone, 3.46% Furfural, 5.56% Cyclohexane and 47.33% Acetic acid. The results of characteristics obtained have approaching the characteristics of fuel oil and standard of bio-oil.
Studi Konversi Ampas Tapioka menjadi Bio-Oil dengan Metode Pirolisis Menggunakan Katalis NiMo/NZA
(2013-01-09) Zulkifli, Tengku; Bahri Syaiful; Sunarno
The potential use of biomass in Indonesia is wide, Indonesia is a country that is very rich with natural resources that can be renewed, but so far has not been done with optimal utilization. One of biomass that has not made optimal use of industrial waste residue in the form of tapioca starch. In addition, the use of biomass as a renewable energy source that is renewable and environmentally viable solution reduces the effects of greenhouse gases produced fossil fuel emissions. This study used a metal carrier NiMo on NZA, biomass as a feedstock is tapioca residue, which use temperature 320 º C and a stirring speed of 300 rpm. The purpose of this study to calculate the influence of developing of metal levels NiMo / NZA (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) to yield bio-oil produced from pyrolysis tapioca lees, besides determining the physical and chemical characteristics of bio-oil is produced. Pyrolysis residue -60 +80 mesh size tapioca performed in slurry reactor using catalysts NiMo/NZA 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% wt/wt with stirring speed of 300 rpm and a temperature of 320 º C for 120 minutes in the vacuum of oxygen , as a medium of heat used silinap 500 ml. Retrieved optimum yield of 0.5% on the developing of metals NiMo / NZA of 58.1%. The results of the physical characteristics of the bio-oil obtained from this study the density of 1.038 g / ml, viscosity 11.42 cSt , acid number 55.43 gr NaOH/ gr sample, the flash point 53 oC, and the calorific value of 45.42 MJ/Kg. Possible dominant compounds from the GC-MS chromatograms at 0.5% NiMo/NZA is 2-Methylpropene (3.96%), 2,4-Dimethyl -2 - pentene (7.75%), 2,4,4 - Trimethyl-1-pentene (13.25%), 1-bromo-3 methylcyclohexane (8.46%), Trimethyl-2-Propyne Silane (3.84%).

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