Complex societies had emerged in southeast Sumatra by at least the seventh century A.D.
These were Snvljaya and MelayuJambl, polities "lith centres in the lower Mus1 and Batangharr
respectively (Fig. 1, inset). Hrstoncal and archaeological material however. rndr cate that the reg~ on was
already 1n contact w1th lnd1a from at least the early centuries A.D. (Bellrna and Glover 2004, Wolters
1967). While the importance of maritime trade, especially with China, is relatively well discussed, we
know little of the origins and nature of these societies. Archaeological research has focused mainly on.
eprgraphy, iconography of HinduBuddhrst art and architecture; long