Browsing by Author "Umar, Lazuardi"
Now showing 1 - 20 of 52
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item AN AUTONOMOUS WIRELESS MODUL FOR EARLY WARNING SYSTEM OF FOREST-FIRE BASED ON NTC SENSOR(2014-03-10) Umar, Lazuardi; ErwinWe have developed a sensor for fire detection in the forest (fire-sensor), which will be applied in rain forest of Sumatra. A prototype of the forest-fire sensor consisted of transmitter and receiver module of STM110 EnOcean Firma of 433MHz ISM Band has been constructed. The fire-sensor module detects the presence of fire in the vicinity using a temperature sensor of the NTC (negative temperature coefficient). The NTC sensor is thermally sensitive resistors (resistance decrease with increasing temperature and made of metal oxides and coated with epoxy or glass with resistance of 470K Ω. The thermistor is mounted on the exterior of the prototype (casing) and its switch-temperature is adjusted between 50°C and 90°C. A rapid rise in the temperature above the setting point indicates the presence of a nearby fire changes the sensor resistance rapidly and therefore, the sensor would send a telegram to the central station (receiver module).Item Biosensor Berbasis Sel Ragi untuk Identifikasi Gula Fruktosa Pada Makanan(perpustakaan UR, 2021-07) Rosandi, Vira Annisa; Umar, LazuardiThe effect of consuming fructose sugar on health in excessive amounts has been controversial in recent years, this is because the use of fructose sugar in food and beverages has a negative impact on health such as increasing the risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus. This study used a biosensor with amperometric principles to determine the effect of different types of sugar on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a cell model. Measurements were made by adding controlled sugar to the metabolic activity of cells using an amperometric biosensor based on Pt/Ag electrodes. Amperometric biosensor will measure the current from a reduction and oxidation reaction with a constant potential. The effect of added sugar on yeast cells was observed in the form of cellular respiration which was expressed as a parameter of dissolved oxygen level (DO). The sugar used as a sample is fructose sugar with variations in concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M. The addition of fructose sugar causes an increase in the potential value of 2.34% which indicates DO levels in the cell environment have decreased due to yeast cells consuming O2 during the respiration process. The results of this study indicate that the biosensor can detect variations in the concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells.Item Design of Simple Modified Werner Array Electrodes for Soil Nutrient Sensor of Palm Oil Plantation(2016-02-10) Hamzah, Yanuar; Umar, Lazuardi; Setiadi, Rahmondia NandaPlants need nutrients that can be derived from the soil and from outside in the form of fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer used on certain conditions varies depending on the type of soil, crops and plantations. The composition and quality of the soil varied and plays role in the fertility of crops and required the use of sensors that can measure soil nutrients to determine the specific value of the optimal fertilizer, especially for oil palm plantations to make efficiency of fertilizer and costs savings. In this research, a nutrient sensor works based on the measurement of impedance changes due to the ionic nature of the land affected by dissolved fertilizer in the soil has been designed. The sensor works at a given excitation frequency from 50 kHz up to 10 MHz of 10mV amplitude with three levels of concentration of urea fertilizer, KCL and TSP. The characterization results showed the phase shift and amplitude changes relevant to fertilizer concentrationItem DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST SOIL SENSOR BASED ON IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR IN-SITU MEASUREMENT(2014-03-10) Umar, Lazuardi; Defrianto; Rini, Ari SulistyoThis paper presents a low cost sensor for soil moisture measurement based on impedance spectroscopy. A probe has been designed which uses a simplified impedance measuring system to determine soil water content. Methods of soil moisture measurement need extensive calibration processes because of the strong dependence on soil properties. Using impedance spectroscopy, more information can be delivered from real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity for several frequencies at the same moisture value. Agriculture area in East Sumatra is especially selected for this investigation because measurements of soil moisture in peat swamp area were generally reported as difficult.Item DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST CAPACITANCE-TYPE SENSOR FOR LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT(2014-03-10) Umar, LazuardiIn this paper, an attempt has been made to design a low-cost noncontact capacitancetype level sensor for a conducting liquid. The sensor is in the form of a uniform circular stainless steel cylinder of type IC-00179H-2005/I and BS4127-ALSI304, with diameter of 15-25mm and 700mm length. The inner electrode is made of insulating material of PTFE-insulated wire with diameter 0.52 - 3.0 mm. The minimum of measured capacitance is 52.81 pF with sensitivity of 0.283 pF/mm by the maximum water level of 550mm.Item Evaluasi Electronic Tongue Berbasis Membran Lipid pada Lima Rasa Dasar Menggunakan Metode Principal Component Analysis(Elfitra, 2022-05) Hafifah, Cory Nur; Umar, Lazuardi; Triyana, KuwatThe electronic tongue sensor is a device that can detect taste, consisting of electrodes and a lipid membrane that has been immobilized in such a way that it is connected to a computer device. Evaluation of the tool needs to be done to determine the stability of the sensor made. The principle of the electronic tongue sensor used is potentiometry using a type of electrode with a liquid junction design. Solutions representing the five basic tastes were tested using 7 working electrodes coated with different lipid membranes and classified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods. The results of the calculation of the silhouette score on the PCA is 0.93.Item Evaluasi Induktansi Eddy Current Sensor Berbasis Planar Coil Dengan Variasi Sudut Terhadap Ketebalan Pelat Logam(Elfitra, 2022-07) Asrul, Sulthan Fiddunya; Umar, LazuardiThis study reports the design of metal plate thickness sensor based on Eddy Current principal in the form of planar coil that could work without direct contact on the object. The principle used in the Eddy Current sensor is a change of coil mutual inductance due to the presence of object in the magnetic field. The coil is made up of double layered coil with angle variation between each layer designed using and EAGLE Autodesk software based on FR-4 printed circuit board (PCB) material with the number of turn (n) 24 turn, 31.4 mm outer diameter, and 2 mm inner diameter. Coil inductance evaluation are carried out using LDC 1000 EVM which converts inductance values to digital data. The smallest inductance (L) value obtained from 45º coil of L = 47,93 μH and the highest inductance value obtained from double layered coil without angle variation of L = 53,12 μH which obtained using Aluminium metal plate with 1 mm thickness as the test object.Item EVALUASI NILAI TAHANAN INTERNAL MODUL PANEL FOTOVOLTAIK (PV) BERDASARKAN PEMODELAN KURVA I(V) NORMAL LIGHT DAN DARK CURRENT(2014-02-14) Yanuar; Umar, Lazuardi; Rahmondia; SetiadiPeneliiian ini beriujuan mengevaluasi nilai tahanan internal seri dari modul fotovoltaik (PV) polikristal silicon Hooray MCP-2 berdasarkan pemodelan kurva arus dan tegangan l(V)- Penentuan tahanan internal modul fotovoltaik (solar sel) dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas dan unjuk kerjanya. yang diukur pada dua kondisi yaitu pada kondisi normal light dan kondisi dark current. Arus dan tegangan diperoleh dengan memvariasikan tahanan beban pada penyinaran dan suhu konstan, yang menghasilkan kurva l(V) pada normal light dan dark current. Berdasarkan pemodelan kurva l(V) diperoleh parameter - parameter modul fotovoltaik yaitu , Lpmax dan Vmax dimana nilai gradiennya ditentukan berdasarkan persamaan Wagner yaitu .sebesar - 7.084V/A (normal light) dan sebesar -21.618 V/A (dark current). Sementara arus dan tegangan maksimum diperoleh dari penentuan titik daya maksimum dari modul (Maximum Power Point). Hasil perhitungan tahanan internal .seri pada modul fotovoltaik silikon polikristal Hooray MCP-2 diperoleh nilai sebesar 1.41 Ohm. Nilai ini menjadi nilai parameter unjuk kerja fotovoltaik dan akan mengalami perubahan selama pengoperasianItem EVALUASI NILAI TAHANAN INTERNAL MODUL PANEL FOTOVOLTAIK (PV) BERDASARKAN PEMODELAN KURVA I(V) NORMAL LIGHT DAN DARK CURRENT(2014-03-10) Yanuar; Umar, Lazuardi; Setiadi, Rahmondia NPenelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi nilai tahanan internal seri dari modul fotovoltaik (PV) polikristal silikon Hooray MCP-2 berdasarkan pemodelan kurva arus dan tegangan I(V). Penentuan tahanan internal modul fotovoltaik (solar sel) dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas dan unjuk kerjanya, yang diukur pada dua kondisi yaitu pada kondisi normal light dan kondisi dark current. Arus dan tegangan diperoleh dengan memvariasikan tahanan beban pada penyinaran dan suhu konstan, yang menghasilkan kurva I(V) pada normal light dan dark current. Berdasarkan pemodelan kurva I(V) diperoleh parameter – parameter modul fotovoltaik yaitu Isc, Voc, Ipmax dan Vpmax dimana nilai gradiennya ditentukan berdasarkan persamaan Wagner yaitu sebesar -7.084 V/A (normal light) dan sebesar -21.618 V/A (dark current). Sementara arus dan tegangan maksimum diperoleh dari penentuan titik daya maksimum dari modul (Maximum Power Point). Hasil perhitungan tahanan internal seri pada modul fotovoltaik silikon polikristal Hooray MCP-2 diperoleh nilai sebesar 1.41 Ohm. Nilai ini menjadi nilai parameter unjuk kerja fotovoltaik dan akan mengalami perubahan selama pengoperasian.Item HJBAH KOMPETITIF PENELITiAN KERJASAMA INTERNASIONAL DALAM RANGKA PUBLIKASI INTERNASIONAL BATCH II TAHUN KE-1 (2009)(2013-02-20) Sulistyo Rini, Ari; Defrianto; Umar, Lazuardi; Erwin; Abu Thalib, Ibrahim; KamisahInformasi mengenai sifat sifat fisis tanah seperti faktor kelembaban memegang peranan penting dalam penggunaan lahan pertanian yang berhubungan dengan produksl tanaman pangan, disamping berfungsi sebagai reservoir air dan sumber nutrisi bagi manusia. Pengamatan sifat-sifat dari tanah pertanian secara tradisional dengan mempergunakan database lahan yang tersedia dipandang terlalu umum untuk menentukan tingkat kelembaban tanah pada lahan pertanian tertentu. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu bentuk sensor yang handal dan mampu untuk mengukur berbagai sifat fisis dari tanah tersebut secara real time. Saat ini telah terdapat berbagai tipe sensor soil moisture di pasaran seperti metode konduktivitas, tensiometer atau metode dielektrik dalam daerah frekuensi atau waktu. Namun sensor ini mempunyai kelemahan antara lain harga yang relatif mahal. respon waktu lambat, memerlukan biaya perawatan, tingkat akurasi rendah serta faktor reproduksibilitas yang tidak memuaskan. Problem utama dari beberapa sensor adalah jenis tanah yang mempengaruhi hasll pengukuran. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan lebih lanjut sensor kelembaban tanah dengan algoritma deteksi neural network. Sensor impedansi dengan elektroda ganda dikarakterisasi dengan mempergunakan 181260 pada frekuensi 1Hz-30Mhz dan amplitude Veksitasi = 10mVac. Untuk memperoleh tingkat kelembaban dipergunakan spektroskopi impedansi melalui pemodelan pada berbagai frekuensi dimana variasi tanah Entisol, Ultisol, Inseptisol, Andisol dan Clay diberi kelembaban terdefinisi dari 0w= 10-40%. Hasil pengukuran impedansi analyser memperlihatkan bahwa faktor real 'Z' (G) dan imajiner "Z" (B) dari sensor dipengamhi oleh jenis tanah yang dikarakterisasi. Untuk mereduksi faktor pengaruh tanah maka dipergunakan algoritma neural network sehingga pengukuran kelembaban tanah dapat diiakukan pada berbagai tipe tanah tanpa masalah.Item Identifikasi Impedansi Bioreseptor Alga Akibat Pengaruh Cahaya Artifisial LED(perpustakaan UR, 2021-07) Gustiana, Lysa; Umar, LazuardiAlgae is one of the low-level organisms that can be used to monitor water quality because it has a large population and high sensitivity to pollutants. Algae as living cells have unique properties in their handling, especially in photosynthesis events that will release dissolved oxygen that can be used as an indicator of the health of water bodies from pollution. In this study algae as bioreseptors will be evaluated impedance values as a function of population density and artificial lamp photosynthesis. Algae are cultivated and a certain amount of volume is immobilized in chambers with platinum electrodes. Electronic circuit impedance with excitation source of multi I/O Card PCI 6251 National Instrument based on LabVIEW software that will measure the value of the algae impedance. The process of measuring algae impedance is carried out by injecting alternating currents in algae and the observed frequency of 10 Hz - 50 Hz. The result of the addition of lights causes the impedance value to increase which indicates the increased levels of dissolved oxygen produced by algae during the photosynthesis process.Item Identifikasi Jenis Minyak Nabati Mempergunakan Sensor PTC(Elfitra, 2022-10) Saini, Adetry; Umar, LazuardiVegetable oil is the type of oil that is most widely used by humans for consumption purposes, some of these oils are difficult to physically distinguish. The difference from the types of vegetable oils needs to be known so that they can be consumed according to needs. The proper use of vegetable oils for consumption also affects health. The difference from the types of vegetable oils can be seen based on physicochemical parameters, which use thermal conductivity by measuring the value of current (I) and voltage (V). Measurements are based on the I(V) curve generated by the Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) sensor, which is connected to the sensor level LX-01 module. The measurement results are displayed through sensor-level software, where the output is in the form of current and voltage values. Canola oil has a voltage of 6.9235 V with a maximum current of 0.0764 A. Corn Oil has a voltage of 7.9256 V with a maximum current of 0.0744 A. Soybean Oil has a maximum current value of 0.0752 A with a voltage of 6.9248 V.Item Karakterisasi Dan Efisiensi Sel Surya Yang Terhubung Seri Dan Paralel(2015-07-07) Ginting, Mbantun; Umar, Lazuardi; Takalamingan, FredynandusTelah dilakukan karakterisasi sel surya menggunakan sumber cahaya alam yaitu matahari dan menggunakan lampu halogen sebagai sumber cahaya buatan yang dirangkai tunggal, seri dan paralel. Dengan menggunakan sumber cahaya matahari, pada sel surya yang dirangkai tunggal diperoleh nilai tegangan maksimum 518 mV dan arus maksimum 205 mA. Sedangkan untuk sel surya yang dirangkai seri diperoleh nilai tegangan maksimum pada 1022 mV dan arus maksimum 191,5 mA. Pada sel surya yang dirangkai paralel diperoleh tegangan maksimum 513 mV dan arus keluaran maksimum sebesar 478,2 mA. Untuk sel surya yang menggunakan lampu halogen diperoleh nilai tegangan maksimum 510 mV dan arus maksimum 41s mA. Sedangkan untuk sel surya yang dirangkai seri diperoleh nilai tegangan maksimum pada 910 mV dan arus maksimum 518 mA. Pada sel surya yang dirangkai paralel diperoleh tegangan maksimum 840 mV dan arus keluaran maksimum sebesar 858 mA. Untuk nilai daya dan efisiensi pada sel surya yang menggunakan sumber cahaya matahari pada rangkaian tunggal diperoleh daya maksimum sebesar 104,3 mW dan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 5,3%. Sedangkan pada sel surya yang dirangkai seri diperoleh nilai daya maksimum sebesar 193,9 mW dan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 10%. Pada sel surya yang dirangkai paralel diperoleh daya maksimum sebesar 240,3 mW dan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 12,4%. Untuk nilai daya dan efisiensi pada sel surya yang menggunakan lampu halogen pada rangkaian tunggal diperoleh daya maksimum sebesar 169,4 mW dan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 18,5%. Sedangkan pada sel surya yang dirangkai seri diperoleh nilai daya maksimum sebesar 339,1 mW dan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 8,1%. Pada sel surya yang dirangkai paralel diperoleh daya maksimum sebesar 339,1 mW dan efisiensi maksimum sebesar 3,8%.Item Karakterisasi Elektroda Biochip-G IMOLA-IVD Mempergunakan Larutan Phospate Buffer Saline Sebagai Sensor pO2 Pada Deteksi Pencemaran Air(2015-12-17) Umar, Lazuardi; Harvenda, Valendry; Wiest, JoachimPencemaran air akan menurunkan tingkat kualitas air dan berbahaya jika air tersebut digunakan sebagai kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari. Pencemaran ini dapat dideteksi dengan mengamati parameter pencemar seperti tingkat oksigen terlarut (dissolved oxygen, pO2). Oleh karena itu, telah dilakukan pengukuran parameter pencemar menggunakan metode elektrokimia menggunakan elektroda amperometris. Dalam proses pengukuran digunakan elektroda potensiometris dalam ukuran mikro yang disebut Biochip. Metode pengukuran ini mampu melakukan proses pengukuran langsung (real time measurement) dan memiliki mobilitas tinggi untuk mencapai lokasi sampel kontaminan. Komponen Biochip-C dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan larutan standar yaitu Phospate Buffer Saline (PBS) 2.3 Molar dengan pH 7.3 dan 8.3 yang terintegrasi dengan perangkat IMOLA-IVD. Hasil pengukuran dengan menggunakan larutan PBS menunjukkan respon dari elekroda Biochip berupa perubahan tegangan berdasarkan perubahan kondisi elektroda biochipItem Karakterisasi Elektroda Biochip-G IMOLA-IVD Mempergunakan Larutan Phospate Buffer Saline Sebagai Sensor pO2 Pada Deteksi Pencemaran Air(2015-10-26) Umar, Lazuardi; Harvenda, Valendry; Wiest, JoachimPencemaran air akan menurunkan tingkat kualitas air dan berbahaya jika air tersebut digunakan sebagai kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari. Pencemaran ini dapat dideteksi dengan mengamati parameter pencemar seperti tingkat oksigen terlarut (dissolved oxygen, pO2). Oleh karena itu, telah dilakukan pengukuran parameter pencemar menggunakan metode elektrokimia menggunakan elektroda amperometris. Dalam proses pengukuran digunakan elektroda potensiometris dalam ukuran mikro yang disebut Biochip. Metode pengukuran ini mampu melakukan proses pengukuran langsung (real time measurement) dan memiliki mobilitas tinggi untuk mencapai lokasi sampel kontaminan. Komponen Biochip-C dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan larutan standar yaitu Phospate Buffer Saline (PBS) 2.3 Molar dengan pH 7.3 dan 8.3 yang terintegrasi dengan perangkat IMOLA-IVD. Hasil pengukuran dengan menggunakan larutan PBS menunjukkan respon dari elekroda Biochip berupa perubahan tegangan berdasarkan perubahan kondisi elektroda biochipItem KARAKTERISASI GULA FRUKTOSA SEBAGAI PENYUSUN RASA MANIS BUAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE IMPEDANSI LISTRIK(2020-06) SIMAMORA, HADI CHRISTIAN P; Umar, Lazuardi; Setiadi, SetiadiFructose is the most dominant type of monosaccaride sugar as a component of sweetness in fruit, so it is very important in determining the quality of post-harvest fruit represented by the selection of sweetness. The measurement process consist of an electronic transimpedance circuit that is compatible toward the sample with a data acquisition system using PCI 6221 run by LabVIEW. The results of the analysis of output the measurments in the form of voltage (V) and voltage in the current function V(i) show that the nature of the fructose solution is increasingly conductive as the concentration increases with the maximum impedance value is at concentration of 5% is 98055 Ω and minimum at a concentration of 30% is 51432 Ω. The suitable frequency ranges based on measurments are 10 Hz to 1 KHz. The measurement show that the reactance of the fructose is capacitive with the value of the phase difference between voltage and current in the angular range of 351o which means it is in quadrant IV.Item Karakterisasi Material dan Spektroskopi Impedansi(2013-04-16) Umar, Lazuardi; Yanuar; Emrinaldi, TengkuAbstract— This work present a low cost soil moisture sensor based on impedance spectroscopy by means of magnitude ratio and phase difference detection method. For this purpose, a probe which uses a simpliried impedance measuring system to determine soil water content has been designed. The circuit sweeps at pre-programmed frequencies from 10 KHz to lOMHz with lOmVac amplitude. A local inceptisol soil of East Sumatra was especially selected for this investigatioa because measurements of soil moisture in peat swamp area were generally reported as difficult ones. A sample at defined soil moisture of 2%, %"/», 15% measured using commercial soil sensor Lutron PMS-7i4 was characterized. A corrected model has been developed in order to reject the frequency influence upon the measurement. The results obtained by the sensor show good results with an overall mean error of0.207% in impedance.Item LOW COST SOIL SENSOR BASED ON IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR IN-SITU MEASUREMENT(2014-03-10) Umar, Lazuardi; Setiadi, Rahmondia NSoil moisture is a significant element in the water cycle, on an agricultural and in land interaction. In crop production, soil plays a key role as a physical support and a reservoir of water and nutrients. Decisions for optimized input rates of water are largely based on physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. The aim of this work is to develop a low cost soil moisture sensor (SMS) based on impedance spectroscopy by means of magnitude ratio and phase difference detection method. Using impedance spectroscopy, more information can be delivered from real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity for several frequencies at the same moisture value. For this purpose, a probe has been designed which uses a simplified impedance measuring system to determine soil water content. The circuit sweeps at pre-programmed frequencies from 10 KHz to 10MHz with 10 mV AC amplitude. A local inceptisol soil of East Sumatra was especially selected for this investigation because measurements of soil moisture in peat swamp area were generally reported as challenging to analyze. Samples at defined soil moisture of 2%, 8%, 15% measured using commercial soil sensor Lutron PMS-714, was characterized. A model has been developed in order to correct the frequency influence upon the measurement. The results obtained by the sensor show good results with an overall mean error of 0.21% in impedance.Item Model Distribusi Panas Saluran Gas Buangan Kendaraan Untuk Optimalisasi Elemen Peltier Sebagai Generator Termal(2015-10-26) Tambunan, Walfred; Defrianto; Hamzah, Yanuar; Umar, LazuardiModel distribusi panas saluran buangan kendaran bermotor telah dikembangkan untuk optimalisasi generator termoelektrik. Modul termoelektrik (thermal electric modules, TEMs) memanfaatkan efek Seebeck untuk membangkitkan listrik dari perbedaan gradien suhu, yang banyak dipergunakan bidang otomotif sebagai penghasil energi. Paper ini menyajikan suatu model matematis dipergunakan untuk mensimulasikan distribusi panas pada knalpot automotive dan untuk mereduksi kompling termal antara elemen Peltier dan sumber panas sesuai dengan bentuk dan geometri sumber dan serta elemen. Distribusi suhu pada model ditentukan dengan komputasi dimana model dibagi menjadi m pada arah sumbu x dan sumbu y pada arah n, menggunakan pemograman Matlab. Persamaan diskritisasi mensimulasikan distribusi suhu pada model generator termoelektrik pada nilai panjang penyangga aluminium La = 5, 7.5, 10, 15 dan 20 mm pada suhu sumber sebesar 120°C. Hasil model memperlihatkan variasi penurunan suhu dan dipergunakan untuk memilih lapisan pelapis dinding knalpot gas buangan untuk memastikan distribusi panas yang tepat dari TEMItem Model Distribusi Panas Saluran Gas Buangan Kendaraan Untuk Optimalisasi Elemen Peltier Sebagai Generator Termal(2015-12-17) Tambunan, Walfred; Defrianto; Umar, Lazuardi; Hamzah, YanuarModel distribusi panas saluran buangan kendaran bermotor telah dikembangkan untuk optimalisasi generator termoelektrik. Modul termoelektrik (thermal electric modules, TEMs) memanfaatkan efek Seebeck untuk membangkitkan listrik dari perbedaan gradien suhu, yang banyak dipergunakan bidang otomotif sebagai penghasil energi. Paper ini menyajikan suatu model matematis dipergunakan untuk mensimulasikan distribusi panas pada knalpot automotive dan untuk mereduksi kompling termal antara elemen Peltier dan sumber panas sesuai dengan bentuk dan geometri sumber dan serta elemen. Distribusi suhu pada model ditentukan dengan komputasi dimana model dibagi menjadi m pada arah sumbu x dan sumbu y pada arah n, menggunakan pemograman Matlab. Persamaan diskritisasi mensimulasikan distribusi suhu pada model generator termoelektrik pada nilai panjang penyangga aluminium La = 5, 7.5, 10, 15 dan 20 mm pada suhu sumber sebesar 120°C. Hasil model memperlihatkan variasi penurunan suhu dan dipergunakan untuk memilih lapisan pelapis dinding knalpot gas buangan untuk memastikan distribusi panas yang tepat dari TEM
- «
- 1 (current)
- 2
- 3
- »