Browsing by Author "Kobayashi, Shigeo"
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Item BIODIVERSITY AND CARBON STORAGE IN THE TROPICAL PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, SUMATRA INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe Gi am Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve covers a total area of 698,663 ha. It is unique because 75% of its total area is covered by peatland. Poor management and land conversion, however, resulted in a loss of almost 300,000 ha of natural peat swamp forest from 1998 to 2002. Moreover, forest fires occur annually, especially in the dry season due to draining for agriculture as well as illegal logging activities. In this study, we characterized the peat swamp forest ecology and assessed natural regeneration processes. Next, we clarified the amount of above and below ground carbon in various land uses. Then we conducted rehabilitation activities of degraded logged-over forest using tree species endemic in the area and which have economic importance to the local community. Mixed Peat Swamp Forest and Bintangur Forest, which have distinct dominant species, floristic composition, diversity, and local environment characteristics, were identified as the main forest types in the biosphere reserve Our measurement of above and below carbon show varying amounts of above carbon storage under different forest land uses. In particular, our measurement of below carbon is generally higher compared to other earlier studies conducted in other peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia. Our initial rehabilitation efforts demonstrate that some indigenous species of peat swamp forests (i.e., Cratoxylom arborescens, Dyera lowii, Callophyliim lown, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii and Tetramerisla glabra) have good potential to improve both ecosystem services as well as provide timber and non timber forest products for local communities. Based on our study, we proposed a sustainable management model of the Biosphere ReserveItem ENHANCED PROCESSES OF NATURAL REGENERATION ON DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, SUMATRA INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuRegeneration is key to the existence of species in a community. It is also a critical component of forest management because regeneration maintains the desired species composition and stocking after biotic and abiotic disturbances. Study was carried out in Riau Biosphere Reserve in which around 75% of areas covered by peatland. Total sampling plot was 3 ha. We laid 144 subplot of 2x2 m for assessing natural regeneration in logged over forest and wind-burnt disturbed forest. Palaquium sumatranum and Calophylum lowii are both important upper-storey species in the Sumatran peat swamp forest vegetation community. Therefore, the regeneration of these species should promote similar species dominance in disturbed forest areas in the future. Regeneration is very important for improving the condition of disturbed peat swamp forest areas in the Riau Biosphere Reserve, but natural regeneration will not be sufficient to restore the forest vegetation and conserve the associated biodiversity. Some form of human-assisted accelerated regeneration will be needed, such as restoring of typical canopy species that have problems with establishment. The preliminary results indicate that some species of Cratoxylon arborescens, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Tetramerista glabra were promising species for rehabilitating degraded peat swamp forest areas shown by high survival rates in the range of 73.3 to 100%. The greatest growth performance are Cratoxylon arborescens, then followed by Tetramerista glabra. Enhanced processes of natural regeneration by restoring degaraded peat swamp forest should promote ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration potential and conservation) and rural livelihoodsItem PEAT SWAMP FORESTS AND CARBON STORAGE IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE: WITH INITIAL RESULT FROM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe Riau Biosphere Reserve covers a total area of 698,663 ha and was established in 2009 as an effort to conserve tropical peatlands and promote sustainable development. This study highlights remaining natural peat swamp forest have distinct forest type formations, high biodiversity and stores a huge amount of above-below carbon need to be conserved. Above-ground biomass and carbon storage are highly influenced by forest cover. Below ground stored carbon is different in each land use, even if these land use have already changed from forest to agriculture. Multipurpose tree species was used in restoration. All methods of propagation were applied to ensure continuous supply of seedlings such as wildings, cuttings, and seeds. In general, survival rate of seedlings decrease after ten month planted. We planted tree species which have both economic values (i.e. timber and non-timber forest products) and ecosystem services values such as Dyera lowii, Tetramerista glabra, Callophylum lowii, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Cratoxylon arborescens. More than their potential to generate income from carbon storage and other ecosystem services.Item POTENTIAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, RIAU, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuRehabilitation commenced in February 2010 in Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve which covers a total area of 698,663 ha. This paper highlighted research progress on rehabilitation of degraded logged over peat swamp forests, and estimation amount of sequestered carbon after ten months vegetation rehabilitation was done. Line and gap planting methods were applied. The following lands of planting were applied normal and hill planting methods. For monitoring biomass and carbon five plots of 10x10m were selected. Tree species with DBH>3cm were identified and recorded. We used diameter increment of species planted to estimate increment of biomass, carbon storage and carbon sequestration. The allometric equation was used: Y=-2.13+2.53*ln DBH; where Y is total above-ground biomass in Kg/Mg ha-1 and DBH is in cm. The carbon content was calculated by multiplying the 0.5 conversion factor to the above ground biomass. The results indicate that some species of Cratoxylon arborescens, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Tetramerista glabra were promising species for rehabilitating degraded peat swamp forest areas shown by high survival rates in the range of 73.3 to 100%. The greatest growth performance are Cratoxylon arborescens, then followed by Tetramerista glabra. Biomass increased from 2.94 Kg ha1 to 28.9 Kg ha-1, and carbon storage increased from 1.55 Kg C ha-1 to 14.5 Kg C ha-1 with total carbon storage 12.5 Kg C ha-1 in experimental sites. The forest recovery through natural regeneration processes contributed in sequestrating carbon of 0.34 Mg C ha-1 during ten months monitoring. In the say direction, there was an increasing in biomass from 3.88 Mg ha-1 to 4.57 Mg ha-1 and carbon storage of 1.99 Mg C ha-1 to 2.28 Mg C ha-1. The total amount of carbon sequestration was 0.35 Mg C ha-1 in both experimental sites and forested areas. Rehabilitation through planting trees and natural regeneration processes are important in order to restore carbon storage of remaining peat swamp forests in biosphere reserve.Item PROGRESS ON RESTORATION EXPERIMENTS OF DEGRADED PEATSWAMP FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN THE GIAM SIAK KECIL-BUKIT BATU BIOSPHERE RESERVE, RIAU, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuRestoration study was started on the earlier 2000 in Riau Biosphere Reserve. We concluded reasons that restoration should be important to be done in biosphere reserve; 1) large degraded peatland and forest areas due to high fire intensity, poor canal drainage and illegal logging activities, 2) forest encroachment and conversion, 3) problem sustainable livelihoods for local communities and environmental services functions, and 4) the important rehabilitation of carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks. We selected two different locations. First, forest degradation was caused by illegal logging activities and forest encroachment with extent 179,000 ha of totally core area and second, peatland degradation due to severe fire yearly and poor water management in transition areas with extent 304,000 ha. The achievement indicators of restoration study are wildings and seed germination are better method to provide seedlings stocks. The vigorous regeneration performance of Callophyllum lowii, Palaquium sumatranum and some of sub storey tree species can be promoted to accelerate vegetation recovery processes in different forest types and degradation in the biosphere reserve. Cratoxylon arborescens, Palaquium sumatranum, Callophyllum lowii and Tetramerista glabra indicated promising species on vegetation rehabilitation efforts in the biosphere reserve shown by high survival rate ranges 57.14%-100%. Our results confirm that vegetation rehabilitation assisted by natural regeneration processes, has a great potential to sequester carbon in Bukit Batu Forest Block. Most of respondents or 94% of totally respondents are well perception on forest restoration. Forest values and restoration are important for them. In future detailed plan of restoration is important to be discussed, i.e. how to promote institutional framework collaboration, local community involvement and economic incentive, and carbon payment mechanism under REDD+ schemes or other sources of innovative financial mechanism such as the Global Peatland Fund (GPF). Restoration is still going on; transplanting seedlings, tree growth, biomass and carbon increment monitoring, and establishing more canal block will be done in next field studyItem REESTABLISHING TYPICAL TREE SPECIES OF PEAT SWAMP FORESTS THROUGH RESTORATION EXPERIMENTS AND LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN RIAU’S BIOSPHERE RESERVE, INDONESIA(2014-05-22) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe study was carried out in the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, which covers a total area of 698,663 ha. Land conversion and poor management had resulted in a loss of almost 300,000 ha of natural peat swamp forest during 1998 to 2002. Illegal logging activities and natural disturbances occurred continuously. Forest and land fires occurred annually, especially in the dry season. Villagers converted the remaining natural peat swamp forest into jungle rubber gardens and oil palm plantations. Fragile and very unique ecosystem, continuously converted natural sites, large degraded peat swamp forests, poor natural regeneration performance are some of these factors that will influence efforts to promote sustainable management of peat swamp forest ecosystem in this Biosphere. Therefore integrated study combined human aspect assessment and ecology are important to be done. The objective of study was (1) to re-establish typical tree species of peat swamp forest, (2) to determine a mechanism or direction in order to local people and wider stakeholders involvement, and (3) to strengthen an efforts to promote sustainable management model of peat swamp forest in Riau’s Biosphere Reserve landscape. Restoration experiment was done in two different levels of forest and peatland degradation in the Bukit Batu conservation areas of Temiang Village and Tanjung Leban Village. Natural regeneration is an option for a faster recovery of forest vegetation after any disturbance. In the case of typical canopy species that could hardly undergo natural regeneration, some form of human-assisted regeneration is needed. Restoration targets the areas that could hardly undergo natural regeneration and would need human intervention such as planting. In general, survival rate of seedlings decrease after ten month planted. We planted tree species which have both economic values (i.e. timber and non-timber forest products) and ecosystem services values such as Dyera lowii, Tetramerista glabra, Callophylum lowii, Palaquium sumatranum, Palaquium burckii, and Cratoxylon arborescens. More than their potential to generate income from carbon storage and other ecosystem services. Preliminary results show that the greatest performance of trees planted is Cratoxylon arborescens followed Tetramerista glabra. Given the high cost in restoring ecosystem, financing is crucial and a way forward is to optimize and promote various sources; domestics (e.g., Village Conservation Model, Biovillage and GERHAN= The Indonesian Movement of Forest and Land Rehabilitation mechanism) and even international (e.g. REDD+) and CSR schemes. All support should help establish a management model that the local community could do and support continuously.Item A REHABILITATION STUDY ON DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FORESTS IN RIAU BIOSPHERE RESERVE(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, YasuyukiThe first step of rehabilitation study was carried out in Bukit Batu Forest Block of Riau Biosphere Reserve started in June 2010 until now. There are three main reasons that we need to do rehabilitation in this location arc: (1) large degraded forest area, particularly in about 3 km of both side along river basin of Bukit Batu River, (2) low the capability of natural regeneration, particularly typical upper storey species of peat swamp forest, and (3) need to restore tree species utilized by local people as Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP). The aim of the study are (1) to rehabilitate logged over peat swamp forests, and possible to improve the socio-economic values, (2) to improve the methods of producing seedlings stock and rehabilitation techniques on tropical degraded peat swamp forest area, (3) to enrich the number of main typical upper storey species, and (4) to restore tree species which has function as NTFP. We used three methods to produce seedling stock are (1) cuttings, (2) wildings, and (3) seed germination. Line and gap planting method were used to rehabilitate logged over forest area. We have applied two different planting methods such as normal and hill planting. Survival rate, height and diameter of planting trees are recorded. We carried out an open ended interview using questionnaires for 36 household of local community of Temiang's Village. The achievement indicators of rehabilitation study after one year are (1) the better method for production of seedlings stock is wildings and seeds germination method compared with cutting method, (2) all of tree species planted is high survival rate >57%, and even Palaquium burckii, Palaquium sumatranum, Callophylum lowii, and Cratoxylon arborescens are the highest survival rate of 100% with distinct rehabilitation techniques, (3) indicated that the highest growth performance is Cratoxylon arborescens with mean of height increment by normal planting 44.7+ 28.8, hill planting 34.4+ 14.0, and diameter increment by normal planting 0.8 + 0.16, hill planting 0.7 + 0.21. Followed by Tetramerista glabra with mean of height increment by normal planting 13.1+ 7.94, hill planting 15.1+ 4.68, and diameter increment by normal planting 0.6 + 0.2, hill planting 0.7 + 0.2 after five month planted and, (4) most of respondents (94.4%) agree in any rehabilitation degraded forest areas. Forest is important for maintaining environment and their life, but two respondents revealed that the priority to be done is a clear decision about boundary between protected forest and village area. Successful forest rehabilitation can be used to minimize conflict between forestry department and local villager in core area of Riau Biosphere Reserve in the future.Item RESTORATION ON DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN RIAU, EAST-SUMATRA, INDONESIA(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThe first step of restoration study was carried out in degraded peat swamp forest ecosystem in Bukit Batu Forest Block and Tanjung Leban village of Riau Biosphere Reserve started in June 2010 until now. The land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) on this ecosystem leads to a loss of carbon, biodiversity and hydrology buffers functions. To address these problems, restoration are urgently required. In case of biosphere reserve, we conclude reasons that restoration should be important to be done; (1) Large degraded peatland and forest areas due to high fire intensity, drainage and illegal logging activities. (2) Forest encroachment and conversion, (3) Problem on natural regeneration processes, (4) Need to promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities and bio-resources conservation, and (4) the important rehabilitation of carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks. The objective of study: 1) vegetation rehabilitation and restoration of hydrology, 2) promotion of sustainable livelihoods for local communities and bio-resources conservation, e.g. using multi purpose tree species, e.g. timber forest product (TFP) and non timber forest product (NTFP), 3) rehabilitation of carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks, 4) discussions for innovative financial mechanism, e.g. REDD+, multi donor thrust fund, and private sector taxes (CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility).Item SUSTAINABLE REHABILITATION OF TROPICAL PEAT SWAMP FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN GIAM SIAK BIOSPHERE RESERVE, RIAU, INDONESIA: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH(2014-03-07) Gunawan, Haris; Kobayashi, Shigeo; Mizuno, Kosuke; Kono, Yasuyuki; Kozan, OsamuThere arc four main reasons that sustainable rehabilitation should be important to be promoted in Giam Siak Biosphere Reserve; 1) large degraded peatland and forest areas due to high fire intensity, poor canal drainage and illegal logging activities, 2) forest encroachment and conversion, 3) problems in livelihoods for local people, and 4) the important to rehabilitate carbon sequestration and protection of remaining peat carbon stocks. Three keys issues in sustainable rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest lands; promoting local participation, livelihood needs, and institutional arrangements. This paper highlighted currently results of rehabilitation experiments including to estimate amount of sequestered carbon, survival rate, relative growth rate, and discuss future working in order to continue efforts to promote sustainable rehabilitation in biosphere reserve. Two different locations was selected. First, forest degradation by illegal logging and second, peatland degradation due to severe fire yearly and intensively agriculture in transition areas with extent 304,000 ha. Diameter increment was used to estimate increment of biomass, carbon storage and their sequestration in rehabilitation and forested site. The allometric equation was used: Y=-2.13+2.53*ln DBH, Relative Growth Rate was calculated by RGR^ (In GOO-ln G99)/t. The carbon content was calculated by multiplying the 0.5 conversion factor to the above ground biomass. The survival rate show decreasing in all tree species was planted. The greatest relative growth rate (RGR) was Cratoxylon arborescens (1.97 cm yr"1), followed Tetramerista glabra (1.41 cm yr" ), Palaquium sumatranum (1.04 cm yr'1), Dyera lowii (0.93 cm yr"1), and the lowest Palaquium burckii (0.80 cm yr'1). The total amount of carbon sequestration was 0.72 Mg C ha'1 in both experimental sites and forested areas. Strengthen local institution in village level, e.g. KMPII {Forest Conservation Community Group} Tcm, and KMLHG (Peat Conservation Community Group) in Tanjung Leban Village, and doing continuously camping programs involved wider communities and stakeholders were efforts to promote sustainable rehabilitation in biosphere reserve.